JANUARY 2018 SBK>QB SK>Q CANADA DRIVING CHANGE Technology and the future of the automated vehicle Report of the The Honourable David Tkachuk, Chair Standing Senate Committee The Honourable Dennis Dawson, Deputy Chair on Transport and Communications The Honourable Patricia Bovey, Deputy Chair For more information please contact us: by email: [email protected] by mail: The Standing Senate Committee on Transport and Communications Senate, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0A4 This report can be downloaded at: sencanada.ca/trcm The Senate is on Twitter: @SenateCA, follow the Committee using the hashtag #TRCM SBK>QB SK>Q CANADA Ce rapport est également disponible en français TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ..........................................................................................................................................................................3 THE COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP .............................................................................................................................5 ORDER OF REFERENCE ...............................................................................................................................................7 REPORT HIGHLIGHTS ..................................................................................................................................................9 LIST OF RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................................13 GLOSSARY .....................................................................................................................................................................15 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................................................17 PART 1: BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................................19 What Are Automated Vehicles? .........................................................................................................................21 What Are Connected Vehicles? ..........................................................................................................................23 Automated and Connected Vehicle Applications in the Trucking and Natural Resource Sectors .......25 Deployment of Automated and Connected Vehicle Technologies .............................................................27 Potential Advantages of Automated and Connected Vehicles ...................................................................29 Safety Benefits ............................................................................................................................................29 Environmental Benefits ..............................................................................................................................31 Human and Social Benefits .......................................................................................................................31 Economic Benefits ......................................................................................................................................32 Potential Challenges of Automated and Connected Vehicles ......................................................................34 Job Loss .......................................................................................................................................................34 Privacy ...........................................................................................................................................................36 Cybersecurity ...............................................................................................................................................37 Urban Sprawl ...............................................................................................................................................38 Infrastructure ...............................................................................................................................................38 Existing Initiatives in Canada .............................................................................................................................39 Federal Government ...................................................................................................................................39 Provincial and Territorial Governments ..................................................................................................41 Existing Initiatives in Other Jurisdictions ..........................................................................................................43 United States ...............................................................................................................................................43 United Kingdom ...........................................................................................................................................44 Other Jurisdictions .....................................................................................................................................44 PART 2: PLANNING FOR THE ARRIVAL OF AUTOMATED AND CONNECTED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES ...........................................................................................................................................................45 Federal Leadership ................................................................................................................................................47 Vehicle Safety .........................................................................................................................................................49 Spectrum Allocation .............................................................................................................................................51 Cybersecurity..........................................................................................................................................................52 Privacy .....................................................................................................................................................................54 Privacy by Design .........................................................................................................................................55 Informed Consent ........................................................................................................................................55 Enforcement .................................................................................................................................................56 Industry Guidance and Regulation ...........................................................................................................57 Data Access and Competition ............................................................................................................................59 Research and Development ................................................................................................................................61 Infrastructure and Public Transit ........................................................................................................................63 Insurance.................................................................................................................................................................65 Employment and Education ................................................................................................................................66 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................................69 APPENDIX A: WITNESSES ........................................................................................................................................70 PREFACE “[W]e are approaching the end of the automotive era. […] the end of the line for the automobile because travel will be in standardized modules. The end state will be the fully autonomous module with no capability for the driver to exercise command.” – Bob Lutz (former Vice Chairman of General Motors), “Kiss the good times goodbye,” Automotive News, November 2017. At the request of the Minister of Transport, These technologies will come with substantial the Standing Senate Committee on Transport benefits, not the least of which is safety. With and Communications undertook this study, human error now causing the vast majority (about “Driving Change: Technology and the Future 94%) of traffic collisions, there is no doubt that of the Automated Vehicle”, on the regulatory automated and connected vehicles will save lives. and technical issues related to the deployment of automated (i.e. driverless) and connected However, these technologies also raise a number vehicles. The Committee heard from over of concerns in terms of job losses, privacy, 78 witnesses from across Canada and the cybersecurity, urban sprawl and infrastructure. United States, received a number of written In particular, these vehicles collect a vast amount submissions from various sectors involved, and of data and could be the target of hackers who participated in many impressive demonstrations want to use the vehicles for nefarious purposes. of this quickly developing