Art History Timeline Art Periods Characteristics Chief Artists Historical Events Movements Major Works Stone Age Cave painting Lascaux Cave Painting 10,000-8,000 BC Ice Age ends (30,000–2500BC) Fertility goddesses Hall of Bulls 8000-2500 BC Stone Age, permanent settlements Paleo/Meso/ Megalithic structures Venus of Willendorf 3000-2200 BC Stonehenge Neolithic Mesopotamian Warrior art Akkadian Ruler 3400 BC Sumerians invent cuneiform writing (3500–539 BC) Narration in stone relief Ishtar Gate 2332-2150 BC Akkadians assumed divine attributes Citadels 2000 BC Abraham founds monotheism Persia Ziggurats Standard of Ur 2600 (BM) 1780 BC Hammurabi writes his law code Babylon Fertile crescent Stele of Vultures 2600 (L) 1496 BC Ten Commandments Mt. Sinai Turkey Votive Statuettes Bull Harp 2600 (BM) 1020-930 BC Kingdom of Israel (United) Iraq Gods & Goddesses Victory Stele Naram-Sin 2254(L) 980 BC Iliad and the Odyssey Iran Cradle of civilization Gudea 2100(L) 653 BC Rise of Persian Empire Syria Cuneiforms Stele of Hammurabi 1780(L) 586 BC First Temple (Solomon) in Jerusalem destroyed by Babylonians Registers Statue Queen Napir-Asu 1350(L) 539 BC Fall of Babylonian Empire –Jews Freed Seals Lamassu 750(L) Ashurbanipal Hunting Lions 640(BM) Persepolis 521-465 BC Egyptian Afterlife focus Palette of King Narmer 3100 BC King Narmer unites Upper/Lower Egypt (3500-30 BC) Pyramids Imhotep Hatshepsut 3100 BC First Dynasty of Egypt Tomb painting Ahmen Re of Karnak 3000 BC Papyrus by Egyptians Predynastic Great Pyramids Bust of Nefertiti 2700 BC Old Kingdom begins in Egypt 3500-2575 BC Canon of Proportions Hypostyle Hall 2551-2472 4th Dynasty-Pyramids at Giza Preordained Divinity Menkaure & Queen 2551-2528 BC Khufu Old Kingdom Ka=life force after death Hatshepsut Mortuary Complex 2520-2494 BC Khafre 2575-2134 BC Gods/Divinity 2490-2472 BC Menkaure Clerestory Seated Scribe 2500(L) 1800 BC Alphabetic writing emerges Middle Kingdom Scrolls buried w/dead Nebanum Hunting Fowl 1400(BM) 1473-1458 BC Hatshepsut Mortuary Temple 2040-1640 BC Mastaba step pyramids Nebanum Funery Banq.1400(BM) 1353-1335 BC Akehenaton - Karnak (Sun Disk) Iconography Last Judgement of Hunefer Scroll 1300(BM) 1323 BC King Tut New Kingdom Registers Taharqo as Sphinx 680(BM) 1290-1224 BC Temple of Amen-Re 1550-1070 BC Hierarchy of Scale 30 BC Cleopatra dies Mortuary Temples First Millennium 1000-30 BC Prehistoric Cycladic art Bull Leaping (fresco) 3000 -2000 BC Early Cycladic civilization in Greece Aegean Marble Statues Snake Goddess 2700 BC Minoan Palace City Knossos 80,000 pop. (3000-1200BC) Painted Vases Lion Gate 1600 BC Eruption of Santorini destroys Crete Frescos - Curved Lines Minoan Palace Knossos 2000-1600 BC Minoan Greece Citadels – Gates- Lintels 1600 -1200 BC Mycenaean Greece Corbel Vaulting Ancient Greece Geometric/Orientalizing Peplos Korei 800 BC Rise of Greek city-states Hellenistic Red Vase Painting Kroisos - Polykleitos 776 BC First recorded Olympic Games (900-30 BC) Archaic Smiles - Classic Praxiteles 508 BC Democracy instituted at Athens Greek idealism: balance, Calf Bearer 500 BC Euclid's Elements Geometric perfection 499-449 BC Greco-Persian Wars Orientalizing Architectural orders: Doric, Lady of Auxerre 625 (L) 490 BC Athens defeats Persia at Marathon (900-600 BC) Ionic, Corinthian Corinthian Black Figure Amphora 625 (BM) 480 BC Persian invasion of Greece by Xerxes Grave Steles Achilles/Ajax Vase 540 (V) 470-399 BC Socrates Archaic Gods and Goddesses Herakles Wrestling Antaios Vase 510 (L) 461-429 BC Age of Pericles (Athens general) (600-480 BC) Canon of Proportions Artemis & Apollo slaying children Vase 450 (L) 438-432 BC Partheneon -Athens Life Size Statues Parthenon 447-438 (BM) 431-404 BC Peloponnesian Wars Early/High Controppasto Dionysus/Hermes Vase 440 (V) 427-347 BC Plato Classical Amphoras & Vases Pericles Bust - Kresilas 430 (V) 384-322 BC Aristotle (480-400 BC) Athena Aphrodite of Knidos - Praxiteles 350 (V) 336-323 BC Alexander the Great conquests Dionysus – God of wine Scraper - Apoxyomenos 330 (V) 331 BC Alexander the Great conquers Persia Late Classical Harmonic/Math Gallic Chieftain Killing Himself & Wife 230 (PA) 30 BC Cleopatra dies (400-323 BC) Women clothed Dying Gaul 230 (MC) Men Nude Nike Alighting Warship 190 (L) Hellenistic Altars Altar of Zeus at Pergamon (175) (323-30 BC) Twisted Heads Venus de Milo (Aphrodite) 150 (L) Gigantomachy Friezes Seated Boxer 100 (MAT) Lacoon 50 (V) Etruscan Painted terracotta Fibula Lions 650(V) 474 BC Greek Victory over Etruscan Fleet (Tuscany) Underground Chambers Apulu (Apollo of Veii) 500(VG) 396 BC Rome destroys Veii (700BC-89BC) Earthen Mounds Sarcophagus - reclining couple 520(VG) 273 BC Rome conquers Cerveteri Individual Language Capitoline Wolf 500(VG) Orientalizing Etruscan Gods (700-600 BC) Painted Tombs Archaic Temples (600-480 BC) Frescos Classical/ Hellenistic (480-89 BC) Roman Roman realism Bust of a Flavian Woman 90BC (MC) 753 BC Romulus and Remus (753BC-337AD Practical, down to earth Ara Pacis (13-9BC) (R) 753 BC Founding of Rome (traditional date) The arch Augustus as General 20BC (V) Use of Concrete REPUBLIC Size 509 BC Roman Republic founded (traditional date) Monarchy/ Republic Pageantry Trajan's Column 81 (R) 149-146 BC 3rd Punic War - Rome destroys Carthage Vaults & Domes Colosseum 70(R) 146 -121 BC Rome conquers Greece, Turkey, Gaul (753 - 27 BC) Frescos Arch of Titus (112) (R) 80 BC Florence founded Oculus Bust of Hadrian 120 (MAT) 49 BC Civil War between Caesar & Pompey the Great Early Empire Coffers Pantheon – Hadrian (118-125) 44 BC Julius Caesar murdered. End of Roman Republic (27 BC – 96 AD) Temples Column of Antonius Pius & Faustiva 161(V) 44 BC Beginning of Roman Empire Procession Reliefs Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius 175(MC) 40 BC Rome conquers Egypt High Empire Sarcophagus (96-102 AD) Gods – Altars EARLY EMPIRE Friezes Arch of Constantine 315 (R) 27 BC Roman Empire formed, start of Pax Romana Late Empire Public Works Projects Colossal Head of Constantine 330(MC) 27 BC-14 AD Augustus (Octavian) Emperor (192-337 AD) 18 BC Temple of Jerusalem reconstructed . 14-37 AD Tiberius Emperor (adopt. son of Augustus) Forum (R) 37-41 AD Caligula Emperor (nephew of Tiberius) Pompeii 41-54 AD Claudius Emperor (uncle of Caligula) Petra 54-68 AD Nero Emperor (grand nephew of Claudius) Galla Placidia 68-79 AD Vespasian Emperor Dura-Europa 70 AD Jerusalem & 2nd Temple destroyed by Titus 79-81 D Titus Emperor (son of Vespasian) Synagoges 79 AD Pompeii destroyed by Vesuvius volcano Frescos 81-96 AD Domitian Emperor Roman Catacombs Villa Torlonia: HIGH EMPIRE Late Antiquity Funerary Art Jewish Catacombs 250 (192 – 526) 98-117 AD Trajan Emperor Cult of Dionysus Ludovisi Battle Scene Sarcophagus 260 (PA) 106-117 AD Rome conquers modern Romania, Iraq and Armenia Domed Temples Santa Maria Antigua: Pre-Constantine 117AD Empire at largest extent Preconfiguration Sarcophagus of a Philosopher 280 192-306 117-138 AD Hadrian Emperor (adopted son of Trajan) Typology links OT- NT Old St. Peters – Constantine (319) 126 AD Pantheon completed by Hadrian Mosaics Christ as Good Shepherd 350 (V) 138-161 AD Antoninus Pius Emperor (adopted son of Hadrian) No wars Constantine Ivory carving Santa Constanza 351 (R) 161 -180 AD Marcus Aurelius Emperor 306-337 Metalwork Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus (359) (V) Sarcophagus Woman Sacrificing at Altar – Ivory 400 (V&A) LATE EMPIRE Sons of Ambulatory Suicide of Judas - Ivory Box 420 (BM) 249-251 AD Trajan Decius Emperor Constantine to Vines – Grapes Santa Sabina 432 (R) 284-305 AD Diocletian Emperor - Christians persecuted Justinian Saints Santa Maria Maggiore: Parting of Abraham & Lot Mosaic 440 292 AD Roman Empire split - Capital moved to Milan 337-526 Christ as Shepherd 305-337 AD Constantine Emperor Mausoleums 313 AD Edict of Milan-tolerate all religious worship - Christianity legalized 324-330 AD Constantinople capital of Eastern Roman Empire 337 AD Constantine I dies, succeed by 3 sons Byzantine Mosaics Hagia Sophia 532-537 324-330 Constantinople becomes capital of Eastern Roman Empire (324 – 1453) Maze-like design Just &Theo Mosaics in San Vitale Ravenna 337 Constantine I dies, succeed by 3 sons Ivory 350 Constantius II left sole surviving emperor Early Byzantine Icons 361 Julian Emperor (cousin of Constantius) 324-726 Gold St. Michael – Ivory Cover 520 (BM) 395 Theodosius I outlaws all non-Catholic religions Domes, Pendentives Barberini Ivory 550. (L) (Justinian as world conqueror) 407 Visigoths & Germanic tribes enter Roman Gaul Middle Church & State United 410 Visigoths sacks Rome Byzantine Justinian & Theodora 455 Vandals sack Rome, capture Sicily, Sardinia 843-1204 Book of Kells 800 476 Rome falls 493 Ravenna Capital of Kingdom Late Byzantine 527-565 Justinian & Theodora rule – Ravenna is Byzantine Capital 1261-1453 532-537 Hagia Sofia 726-843 Iconoclasm Controversy - Leo III bans & destroys Divine Art 610 Birth of Islam 632-732 Muslim Conquests 843 Theodora repeals iconoclasm 1204 Crusaders sack Constantinople 1453 Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople Early Medieval Medieval Books Lindesfarne Gospels – Illuminated 698-721 410-476 Fall of Rome (410-1024) Illuminated Books St. Michaels Hildesheim Doors - Bronze 529 St. Benedictine Order Warrior Lords Church Towers introduced Coronation Gospels - Charlemagne 711 Muslim conquest of Spain 410-768 Link between Sacred & Art 768-814 Charlemagne Hidden Symbolism 800 Charlemagne Crowned Emperor of Rome (Leo III) Hiberno-Saxon Vellum & Tempura Sutton Hoo Purse 625 (BM) Carolignian Scribes Equestrian Statue