Index Abu Nidal Organization (ANO), bombings and, 51 88–90, 93–95, 100 Bush administration and, 3 Ackerman, Gary, 149n19 countering hegemony and, Action Plan of the European Council, 247–250 191 failed governance and, 257 Action Plan for Freedom, Justice, and human rights and, 258 Security, 219–220 jihadist ideology and, 5–6, 240, Ad Hoc Committee on Terrorism 243–244 (United Nations), 53 leader deaths of, 240 Afghanistan, 1, 21n23, 125, 239 Madrid bombings and, 187 Al-Qaida and, 129 military pressures on, 240–241 Bush administration and, 3 money laundering and, 160, failed governance and, 257 170–171 ideology and, 6 political grievances of, 244–246 Soviet invasion of, 248 reducing allies of, 264 UN sanctions and, 9 sanctions and, 41–42, 45–46, U.S. military and, 241 57–58, 61–62, 67, 241 Afghan war, 5, 84 social dynamics of, 250–252 African National Congress (ANC), strengthening of, 1 109 structure of, 2, 239–240 African Union (AU), 53 trained reserve of, 241–242 Ahern, Stephanie, 17–18, 187–236 understanding, 239–243 Air-Sol Moyenne Porté (ASMPs), weapons of mass destruction 136t5.4nf (WMD) and, 15–16, 124–131, Albania, 26 146, 244 Albright, Madeleine, 110 winning strategies for, 261–266 Allison, Graham, 130 Al-Qaida/Taliban Sanctions Al-Meghrahi, Abdel Basset, 111 Committee (United Nations), 43, Al-Qaida, vii–ix, 237 45–46, 57–58, 61–62 Afghanistan and, 129 Al-Qaida/Taliban Sanctions anti-Americanism and, 245 Monitoring Team (United Nations), asset seizures and, 210–211 3, 13, 36 bargaining with, 264–265 Amman, 1 316 Index Analysis work files (AWFs) (European Beslan massacre, 13, 58, 243, Union), 196 259–260 Analytic Support and Sanctions Binalshibh, Ramzi, 7 Monitoring Team (United Nations), bin Laden, Osama, vii, 57, 220, 239, 42–43, 57, 241 241 Annan, Kofi, 10–11, 18, 36, 111, anti-Americanism and, 245 238 bargaining with, 264–265 on civil liberties, 37, 258–261 countering hegemony and, 247–250 priority alignment and, 264 fatwa and, 126t5.1, 248 suicide bombers and, 247 political grievances of, 244–246 on United Nations Counter- Saudi rebuff and, 248 Terrorism Committee (CTC), training camps of, 242 23–24 wealth of, 253 Anti–money laundering (AML). See weapons of mass destruction Money laundering (WMD) and, 125–128 Aouzou Strip, 87 Black September, 96 Archick, Kristin, 196 Blair, Tony, 74, 253 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Blix, Hans, 123 (APEC), 40 Blunkett, David, 217, 219 Asia/Pacific Group on Money Bolton, John, 142, 154n54 Laundering (APG), 182n38 Bombings, 1, 124 Aslan, Reza, 244 Al-Qaida and, 51 Asset seizures, 58, 78n20, 233n120, Amman and, 1 240–241 Bali and, 160 Al-Qaida and, 210–211 financial costs of, 160, 241, 251 Common Position and, 208–210 Germany and, 89–90, 93, 124 European Union and, 208–212 Hague Programme and, 219–220 Financial Action Task Force (FATF) international law and, 53–54 and, 158–161 Libya and, 89–90 Taliban and, 210 Lockerbie families and, 110–111 United States and, 211 London and, 1, 160, 240, 243 Association of Southeast Asian Madrid and, 160, 187, 199, Nations (ASEAN), 40 202–203, 206–207, 211, 216–220, Australia, 143 240, 243 Austria, 88–89, 94, 217 Pan Am flight 73 and, 93–95 Pan Am flight 103 and, 9, 51, 95, Baathists, 256 98–102, 107–112 Baker, Howard, 130–131 Sharm el-Sheikh and, 1 Bali, 160, 243 suicide logic and, 246–247 Bank of England, 210 U.S. barracks and, 96–97 Basel Committee on Banking U.S. embassies and, 51, 160, 243 Supervision (BCBS), 32 USS Cole and, 160 Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA), UTA flight 772 and, 9, 51, 99–101, 208 111–112 Belgium, 143, 217 Boogerd-Quaak, Johanna, 222 Benjamin, Daniel, 4, 36, 241, 262 Brazil, 152n38 Index 317 Brussels, 188, 198, 216 Chirac, Jacques, 107 Bures, Oldrich, 17–18, 187–236 Civil liberties, 6, 37 Burkina Faso, 108 defining terrorism and, 204–208 Bush, George H. W., 14 failed governance and, 256–257 Libya and, 83, 98, 100–102, Geneva Conventions and, 205–206 113–114 Patriot Act and, 260 Presidential Nuclear Initiatives poverty and, 252–256 (PNIs) and, 134, 138 Putin and, 260 Bush, George W., 2, 74, 263 terrorist societies and, 257–261 European arrest warrant (EAW) and, United Nations and, 11 196 Clinton, Bill, 107, 114, 138 global war on terror and, 4 Cohen, William, 148n8 Libya and, 114 Collier, Paul, 254 military emphasis of, 4–5 Colombia, 209 multilateral coalition and, 3–4 Common Foreign and Security Policy National Security Strategy and, 253, (CFSP) (European Union), 228n59, 256 229n64 National Strategy for Combating Common Position, 208–210 Terrorism and, 6 Commonwealth of Independent States poverty and, 253 (CIS), 40 United Nations and, 8–9 Commonwealth Secretariat, 39 “war on terror” metaphor and, 4 “Communication on the Fight Against Terrorism” (European Camp David, 84–85, 243 Commission), 202 Canada, 92 Communism, viii Candidate countries (CCs), 188 Confrontation Arabs, 85 Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Consolidated List of Financial 80n26 Sanctions Targets in the UK, 210 Caribbean Financial Action Task Consolidation issues, 66–71 Force (CFATF), 40 Convention on Simplified Extradition Carly, Christian, 247 Procedures Between Member States Carter, Jimmy, 84–86 of the European Union, 190 Casey, William, 87, 115n15 Convention on the Physical Castro, Fidel, 254 Protection of Nuclear Materials, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, 144 139 Convention Relating to Extradition Central Asian Nuclear Weapons Free Between Member States of the Zone, 140 European Union, 190 Centre for Defence Studies, 5 Cook, Robin, 110 Chad, 86–88, 99, 108 Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR), Charities, 180 133 Chatham House, 257 Cortright, David, viii Chechnya, 131, 247 strategic counter-terrorism and, 1–22 Che Guevara, 254 United Nations Counter-Terrorism Chesterman, Simon, 64 Committee (CTC) and, 23–50 China, 56, 103, 124 winning policies and, 237–274 318 Index Costa Rica, 14, 64, 70 Counter Terrorism Task Force Council of Europe, 188 (CTTF) (Asia-Pacific Economic Select Committee of Experts on the Co-operation), 197 Evaluation of Anti–Money Country Reports on Terrorism (U.S. Laundering Measures State Department), 242 (MONEYVAL) and, 182n38 Crenshaw, Martha, 6 Council on Foreign Relations, 14, 74 Cronin, Audrey Kurth, 250 Counter-Terrorism Action Group Cuba, 106 (CTAG), 39 Customer due diligence (CDD), 161 Counter-terrorism financing (CTF). Cuthbertson, Ian, 207 See Financial Action Task Force Cutler, Lloyd, 130–131 (FATF) Cyberterrorism, 149n18 Counter-terrorism policy options, Cyprus, 212 262t8.1, 263t8.2 Czech Republic, 143, 212 Counter-terrorism strategies, vii–x assessment of, 261–263 Dar-es-Salaam, 243 bilateral confrontation and, 85–98 “Declaration of Holy War on the coalitions and, 4 Americans Occupying the Country countering hegemony and, 247–250 of the Two Holy Places” (fatwa), current debate over, 3–6 248 European Union and, 196–200, Declaration on Combating Terrorism 208–212 (see also European (European Council), 40 Union) Declaration on Measures to Eliminate FATF and, 157–179 (see also International Terrorism (United Financial Action Task Force Nations), 53 (FATF)) Defense Intelligence Agency, 125 “go it alone” approach and, 6–7 Democracy, 266 increased extremism and, 1 den Boer, Monica, 191 institutional approaches and, 6–9 Denmark, 143 international law and, 51–76 Development aid, 37–39 knowing enemy and, 239–243 Djibouti, 103 law enforcement and, 1–2, 7 (see Dublin Agreement, 188–189 also Law enforcement) Dubois, Dorine, 192, 206, 208 Libyan case study and, 83–114 Dying to Win (Pape), 247 military and, 4–5 (see also Military) multilateral approach and, 2–9, 19, Eastern and Southern Africa Anti– 98–114 Money Laundering Group new terrorism and, 243–244 (ESAAMLG), 182n38 regional approaches and, 6–9 Egypt, 53, 99, 105, 109 tools and, viii-ix Abu Nidal Organization and, 89 unilateral approach and, 102–105 Libya and, 85 United Nations and, 1, 3, 9–11, 23 Sadat and, 85 (see also United Nations) weapons of mass destruction “war on terror” metaphor and, 4 (WMD) and, 141, 152n38 weapons of mass destruction Eight Special Recommendations on (WMD) and, 123–147 Terrorist Financing (FATF), 163 Index 319 ElBaradei, Mohamed, 142, 144–145 candidate countries and, 188 ELF, 107 Common Position and, 208–210 el-Motassadeq, Mounir, 7–8 Convention on Simplified Estonia, 212 Extradition Procedures Between Eurasian Group on Combating Member States of the European Money Laundering and Financing Union and, 190 of Terrorism (EAG), 182n38 Convention Relating to Extradition Europe Agreements, 213–214, 216 Between Member States of the European arrest warrant (EAW), European Union and, 190 17–18, 192–196 Counter-Terrorism Group (CTG) European Commission and, 228n59 “Action Paper in Response to Counter Terrorism Task Force Terrorist Attacks on Madrid,” 203, (CTTF) and, 197 206–207, 211 defining terrorism and, 187–189, European Judicial Network (EJN) 204–208 and, 230n76 Dublin Agreement and, 188–189 Libya and, 102–105 enlarging cooperation in, 212–216 Regulation No. 2580/2001 and, 208 Eurojust and, 187–188, 200–203 European Convention on the Europol and, 187–188, 190, Suppression of Terrorism (ECST), 196–200 188–190 Europol Drugs Unit (EDU) and, European Council, 40 190 Action Plan of the, 191, 219–220 former candidate countries (FCCs) European arrest warrant (EAW) and, and, 212–216, 233n123 192–196 Framework Decision and, 193–197, Europol and, 196–200 204–207, 221 Madrid bombings and, 218 Hague Programme and, 219–220 European Court of Justice (ECJ), 202 institutional approach of, 7–9 European Judicial Cooperation Unit Iran and Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA) (Eurojust),