UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Evaluating the Impacts of Centralized and Decentralized Electric Vehicle Smart Charging Algorithms on the Electric Grid THESIS submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering by Aaron Jai-Wei Cheng Thesis Committee: Professor G. Scott Samuelsen, Chair Professor Gregory N. Washington Professor Vincent G. McDonell 2018 © 2018 Aaron J. Cheng DEDICATION To my family for their unconditional support and motivation. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii NOMENCLATURE ....................................................................................................................... x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................ xii ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS ................................................................................................... xiii 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Goals................................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 3 2. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................ 4 2.1 Electric Vehicles .............................................................................................................. 4 2.1.1 History of Electric Vehicles ...................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Battery Electric Vehicles vs. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles ............................... 4 2.1.3 PEV Classifications .................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Charging Infrastructure .................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 AC Level 1 and 2 Charging ...................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 DC Level 3 Fast Charging ........................................................................................ 7 2.3 Microgrids ........................................................................................................................ 7 2.4 Charging Strategies .......................................................................................................... 8 2.4.1 Immediate Charging.................................................................................................. 9 2.4.2 Off-Peak Charging .................................................................................................. 10 2.4.3 Smart Charging ....................................................................................................... 11 2.4.3.1 Centralized Control Architecture ..................................................................... 12 2.4.3.2 Decentralized Control Architecture ................................................................. 13 2.5 Smart Charging Algorithms Explored in Literature ....................................................... 14 2.6 Simulation Tools ............................................................................................................ 16 2.7 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 17 3. APPROACH ..................................................................................................................... 18 4. OBJECTIVE 1 RESULTS ................................................................................................ 20 4.1 Decentralized Smart Charging Algorithm...................................................................... 20 4.2 Centralized Smart Charging Algorithm ......................................................................... 23 4.3 Objective 1 Summary ..................................................................................................... 24 iii 5. OBJECTIVE 2 RESULTS ................................................................................................ 25 5.1 Modifications Made to the Algorithm ............................................................................ 25 5.2 Cost Load and Vehicle Parameters ................................................................................ 26 5.2.1 Cost Load ................................................................................................................ 26 5.2.2 Vehicle Data............................................................................................................ 28 5.2.3 Solar Data................................................................................................................ 28 5.2.4 Cost Updating ......................................................................................................... 30 5.3 Modifications made for Deployment ............................................................................. 31 5.3.1 User Application and SQL Database ...................................................................... 32 5.3.2 Vehicle Commands ................................................................................................. 34 5.4 Edge Cases ..................................................................................................................... 37 5.4.1 Sorting Priority........................................................................................................ 37 5.4.2 Initial Plug-In .......................................................................................................... 37 5.4.3 Overnight Charging ................................................................................................ 39 5.5 Results ............................................................................................................................ 41 5.5.1 Vehicle Response Time .......................................................................................... 41 5.5.2 Battery Testing ........................................................................................................ 42 5.6 Poll Rate Effect on Charging Schedules and Cost Load ................................................ 47 5.7 Objective 2 Summary ..................................................................................................... 52 6. OBJECTIVE 3 RESULTS ................................................................................................ 54 6.1 University of California, Irvine Microgrid ..................................................................... 54 6.2 Cost Loads: Time-Of-Use Rate Structure & Building Loads ........................................ 55 6.2.1 SCE TOU Rate Structure ........................................................................................ 55 6.2.2 Future TOU Rate Structure ..................................................................................... 56 6.2.3 Building Profiles ..................................................................................................... 57 6.3 Simulation Scenarios ...................................................................................................... 59 6.4 Metrics: Cost to Charge and Electric Grid CO2 Emissions ............................................ 60 6.4.1 Cost to Charge......................................................................................................... 60 6.4.2 Electric Grid CO2 Emissions .................................................................................. 60 6.5 Simulation Results.......................................................................................................... 61 6.6 Objective 3 Summary ..................................................................................................... 67 7. OBJECTIVE 4 RESULTS ................................................................................................ 68 7.1 Model Implementation ................................................................................................... 68 7.1.1 Holistic Grid Resource Integration and Deployment (HiGRID) Model ................. 70 iv 7.2 Simulation Scenario Parameters .................................................................................... 71 7.2.1 HiGRID Scenario Parameters ................................................................................. 71 7.2.2 Smart Charging Scenario Parameters: Common .................................................... 72 7.2.3 Smart Charging Scenario Parameters: Decentralized ............................................. 73 7.3 Sensitivity Analysis ........................................................................................................ 74 7.4 Results: CO2 and NOx Emissions ................................................................................... 77 7.4.1 CO2 Emissions .......................................................................................................