INDEX Access areas, sodium hypochlorite potable water/wastewater treatment, facilities design, 517 982–990 Acid-chlorite solution, chlorine dioxide degreasers and solvents, 983 chemistry, 714–717 disinfection by-product precursor Acid chrome violet potassium (ACVK) oxidation, 989–990 method, chlorine dioxide fuel oxygenates, 984–985 analysis, oxychlorine pesticide oxidation, 985–988 by-products, 751–752 petroleum products, 984 Acid ionization constant: taste and odor compound oxidation, chlorine dissolution and hydrolysis, 988–989 70–74 volatile organic carbon oxidation, hypochlorous acid dissociation, 982–985 74–77 regulatory issues, 994–995 Acidity, chlorine, 142–144 system classifi cation, 977 Activation energy, sodium hypochlorite system performance factors, 990–994 degradation, 468–469 titanium dioxide: Activity coeffi cients, hypochlorous acid hydrogen peroxide-ultraviolet dissociation, ionic effects, 78–80 reaction, 981–982 Administrative controls, ultraviolet ultraviolet reaction, 981, 993–994 light systems, 969 Aeration systems, wastewater Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs): chlorination, odor control, chemistry, 977–982 332–333 equipment and generation, Aerochlorination, wastewater 995–997 chlorination, oil and gas Fenton reaction, 980, 992–993 removal, 349 historical background, 976–977 Aftercooler, ozone generation, 811 hydroxyl radical generation, Air-based systems, ozone generation, ultraviolet light, 979–980, 992 800–804 overview, 976 cryogenic air separation, 809 ozone decomposition:COPYRIGHTEDpreparation MATERIAL systems, 809–810 hydrogen peroxide, 979, 990–991 supplemental air, 829 hydroxide initiation, 978–979 Air control devices, gaseous chlorine ultraviolet photolysis, 979, systems, 682–684 991–992 Air pollution, wastewater chlorination, photo-Fenton reaction, 980–981, foul air scrubbing systems, 992–993 333–338 White’s Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants, 5th edition, by Black & Veatch Corporation Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1009 1010 INDEX Air requirement calculations, on-site breakpoint reaction and, sodium hypochlorite 103–109 generation, 551 chlorination and chloramine Air stripping, hydrogen sulfi de formation, 94–103 removal, 147 dichloroamine/trichloroamine, Alachlor, oxidation, 987–988 97–103 Alarm systems, on-site sodium germicidal effi ciency, hypochlorite generation, 158–161 hydrogen formation, monochloramine, 95–97 separation, and safety, organic nitrogen, 117–122 551–553 chlorine chemistry in seawater: Albuminoid nitrogen, defi ned, 118 bromamine formation and Aldehydes, ozone disinfection decay, 127–129 by-products, 795 ionic strength effects, 126–127 Algae and actinomycetes: potable water chloramination, chlorine dioxide control of, 740 N reactions, 251 taste and odor from, 286–288 wastewater chlorination: Alkalinity: chemistry, 328 aqueous chlorine, 142–144 chlorine reactions, 379–382 cyanide wastes, industrial dechlorination, 396–397 wastewater chlorination, foul air scrubbing systems, 355–358 337–338 potable water chloramination and nitrifi ed effl uents, 385–390 nitrifi cation, 258 removal, 349–352 sodium hypochlorite degradation, Ammonia-chlorine process: 475 potable water chloramination, wastewater chlorination, ammonia 250–251 removal, 351–352 Ammonia nitrogen. See Ammonia Alternative release analyses, risk Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria management programs, (AOB), potable water chlorine storage, 46–47 chloramination, Alum, liquid waste processing, 361 nitrifi cation, 257–258 Amaranth method, chlorine dioxide Amperometric titration: analysis, oxychlorine bromine residual compounds, by-products, 751 873 Ambient temperature, ozone gas chlorination/dechlorination sources, 802 process controls: American Water Works Association history, 596–598 (AWWA): maintenance, 672–673 available chlorine formation, online analytical measurements, 89–91 598–599 chlorine demand assessment, chlorine dioxide analysis, 245–247 oxychlorine by-products, chlorine impurities standards, 743 21–22 equivalence point, 744–747 Amines, chlorine-organic nitrogen Standard Methods 4500-ClO2-C, reactions, 119–120 method I, 743–744 Ammonia. See also Chloramines Standard Methods 4500-ClO2-C, (chloramination) method II, 744 INDEX 1011 dissolved ozone in water hydrogen sulfi de, 146–147 measurement, 841–842 iron and manganese, 147–148 gaseous chlorine detection and methane, 148 emergency scrubber, 686–687 nitrite, 148–149 residual compound analysis: free, combined, and available back titration procedure, 202–204 chlorine, 87–91 Baker’s alternative procedure, 208 gas dissolution and hydrolysis, 68–74 chemical mechanisms, 194–195 germicidal signifi cance, 151–161 development of, 176 chloramines, 155–161 dual-indicator-electrode titrator, hypochlorite ion, 154–155 191–193 hypochlorous acid, 153–154 iodine solution monitoring, inactivation mechanisms, 152–153 204–205 hypochlorite solutions, 82–85 low-level techniques, 200 hypochlorous acid dissociation, measurement techniques, 187–208 74–80 nitrite interference, 205–208 ionic strength effects, 77–80 nitrogen trichloride measurement, pH/temperature effects, 74–77 204–205 nitrogenous compounds, 91–122 operating principles, 188 ammonia chlorination and single-indicator-electrode titrator, chloramine formation, 94–103 188–190 dichloroamine/trichloroamine, sulfur dioxide residuals, dechlorination 97–103 control systems, 656–657 monochloramine, 95–97 wastewater disinfection, chlorine breakpoint reaction, 103–116 reaction with, 379–382 breakpoint curve, 105–109 Analytic Technology, Inc. chlorine chemistry and kinetics, 109–115 residual analyzers, chlorination/ decomposition products, 115–116 dechlorination process controls, historical background, 103–105 608–611 organic nitrogen, 116–122 Analyzer-detectors: breakpoint curve, 120–122 chlorination/dechlorination process reaction mechanisms, 118–120 controls, 594–596 in water and wastewater, 92–94 dechlorination process, sulfur dioxide oxidation-reduction reactions: leak detection, 589–591 basic principles, 129–135 residual analyzer maintenance and measurements, 135–141 calibration, 681–682 oxidation states, 85–87 Aquatic life: seawater chemistry, 122–129 dechlorination toxicity, 573–574 bromamine formation and decay, potable water chloramination, 127–129 260–261 bromide effect, 123–126 Aqueous chlorine. See also Liquid ionic strength effects, 126–127 chlorine sodium hypochlorite, 454–455 chlorine demand, 149–151 solubility, 68–74, 1007 chlorine dioxide, 703–704 speciation in concentrated solutions, constituent reactions, 141–149 81–82 alkalinity, 142–144 wastewater treatment chemistry, arsenic, 145 327–329 carbon, 145–146 Aquifer plugging, well restoration, cyanide, 146 304–305 1012 INDEX Aquifer recharge, 299 Baker’s procedure, residual chlorine Arsenic, aqueous chlorine, 145 analysis, amperometric Asbestos, chlorine electrolysis, titration, 208 diaphragm cells, 10–11 Ballasts, ultraviolet light systems, Aspirating turbine mixers, ozone 924–925 transfer, 821 Ball valves, sodium hypochlorite storage Assimilable organic carbon (AOC): and handling, 508–510 chlorine demand assessment, Batch processing: 246–247 chlorine dioxide, design criteria, 723 ozone oxidation, 780 sodium hypochlorite, 455 regrowth management, 270–271 Bayer MaterialScience Process, Atrazine, oxidation, 987–988 hydrochloric acid electrolysis, Available chlorine solutions: 20 basic properties, 87–91 Beer-Lambert UV monitors, ozone bromine residual measurement, 873 concentrations in gas, 837–838 sodium hypochlorite concentrations, Bell-jar chlorinator, chlorine impurities 455–457 removal, 21 feed system calculations, 456 Bench-scale generation, chlorine wastewater disinfection, 376 dioxide, 724 Benzoic peroxide/dimethylaniline Bacillus anthracis: (BPO/DMA) cure system, chlorine dioxide disinfection, fi berglass-reinforced plastic 737–738 (FRP), sodium hypochlorite: chlorine disinfection, 158 piping, 504 ozone disinfection, 790–792 storage tanks, 480 Bacillus subtilis, ozone disinfection, Biamperometric titration, residual 790–792 chlorine analysis, 192–193 Back amperometric titration Bias in chlorine control, wastewater procedure, residual chlorine, chlorination, 333 202–203 Bicarbonate, ozone decomposition, iodometric method II, 217–218 hydroxyl radicals, 978–979 Bacteria inactivation: Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): chlorination/dechlorination process wastewater reuse, 399–400 controls, oxidation-reduction wastewater treatment: potential, 605–606 biological treatment systems, 382 chlorine dioxide, 706–711 chlorine chemistry, 328–329 bioterrorism applications, odor control, 332–333 737–738 reduction, 339–340 chlorine disinfectants, mechanisms septicity control, 347–348 of, 152–153 viral inactivation, 375 dechlorination process, 576 Biocide, chlorine as, 232, 234–235 potable water chloramination, Biodosimetry data analysis, ultraviolet 255–257 light systems, guidelines for, sulfate-reducing bacteria, 300–303 940–941, 946–947, 952–953 wastewater chlorination, Biofi lm formation, regrowth sludge bulking control, management, 267–268 342–343 Biologically degradable organic Baffl ed basin contactors, ozone carbon (BDOC), ozone transfer, 821–824 oxidation, 780 INDEX 1013 Biological phosphorus removal, wastewater disinfection, nitrifi ed wastewater chlorination and effl uents, 386–390 odor control, 332–333 Breakthrough phenomenon, regrowth Biological slime removal, wastewater management, 268 chlorination, septicity control, Brine systems: 347–348 iodine production, 877 Biological treatment: on-site sodium hypochlorite wastewater chlorination, 338–345 generation: