SOCIOLINGUISTIC SURVEY OF NORTHERN PAKISTAN VOLUME 1 LANGUAGES OF KOHISTAN Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Volume 1 Languages of Kohistan Volume 2 Languages of Northern Areas Volume 3 Hindko and Gujari Volume 4 Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri Volume 5 Languages of Chitral Series Editor Clare F. O’Leary, Ph.D. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Volume 1 Languages of Kohistan Calvin R. Rensch Sandra J. Decker Daniel G. Hallberg National Institute of Summer Institute Pakistani Studies of Quaid-i-Azam University Linguistics Copyright © 1992 NIPS and SIL Published by National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan and Summer Institute of Linguistics, West Eurasia Office Horsleys Green, High Wycombe, BUCKS HP14 3XL United Kingdom First published 1992 Reprinted 2002 ISBN 969-8023-11-9 Price, this volume: Rs.300/- Price, 5-volume set: Rs.1500/- To obtain copies of these volumes within Pakistan, contact: National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Phone: 92-51-2230791 Fax: 92-51-2230960 To obtain copies of these volumes outside of Pakistan, contact: International Academic Bookstore 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road Dallas, TX 75236, USA Phone: 1-972-708-7404 Fax: 1-972-708-7433 Internet: http://www.sil.org Email: [email protected] REFORMATTING FOR REPRINT BY R. CANDLIN. CONTENTS Preface............................................................................................................viii Maps.................................................................................................................. x Introduction — Clare F. O’Leary.................................................................xiii Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... xix Patterns of Language Use among the Kohistanis of the Swat Valley — Calvin R. Rensch............................................................................................... 3 1. Setting....................................................................................................... 3 2. Mother Tongues........................................................................................ 5 2.1 Kalami/Dir Kohistani......................................................................... 6 2.2 Torwali .............................................................................................. 9 2.3 Language Similarity......................................................................... 10 2.4 Dialect Intelligibility........................................................................ 12 3. Other Tongues ........................................................................................ 17 3.1 Sociolinguistic Profile of Kalam...................................................... 18 3.2 Bilingualism in Kalam..................................................................... 21 3.3 Sociolinguistic Profile of the Torwali Area ..................................... 33 3.4 Bilingualism in the Torwali Area..................................................... 35 4. Language Use and Attitudes ................................................................... 47 4.1 Language Use in Kalam................................................................... 49 4.2 Language Use in the Torwali Area .................................................. 54 4.3 Language Attitudes in the Kalami Kohistani Area .......................... 57 4.4 Language Attitudes in the Torwali Kohistani Area.......................... 61 Ushojo — Sandra J. Decker ........................................................................... 65 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 65 2. Geographic Location............................................................................... 66 3. Literature Review ................................................................................... 66 4. Self-reported History .............................................................................. 67 5. Socioeconomic Factors........................................................................... 68 6. Linguistic Affiliation .............................................................................. 69 7. Phonology............................................................................................... 72 8. Multilingualism ...................................................................................... 75 9. Language Vitality ................................................................................... 77 10. Conclusion............................................................................................ 79 The Languages of Indus Kohistan — Daniel G. Hallberg........................... 83 1. A General Introduction to Indus Kohistan .............................................. 83 1.1 Language Classification................................................................... 84 1.2 Existing Literature ........................................................................... 84 1.3 Geography ....................................................................................... 86 1.4 Education......................................................................................... 88 1.5 Population........................................................................................ 89 2. Indus Kohistani (Maiya#2).......................................................................... 90 2.0 Introduction ..................................................................................... 90 2.1 Language Names ............................................................................. 91 2.2 Indus Kohistani Dialects and Comparison with Neighboring Linguistic Varieties................................................................................ 92 2.3 Proficiency in Other Languages – Bilingualism ............................ 102 2.4 Language Use and Attitudes.......................................................... 110 2.5 Language Vitality .......................................................................... 112 2.6 Further Study ................................................................................. 113 2.7 Summary and Conclusions Concerning Indus Kohistani ............................................................................................. 114 3. Chilisso................................................................................................. 116 3.0 Introduction ................................................................................... 116 3.1 Comparison with Related and Neighboring Languages................. 117 3.2 Other Language Ability – Bilingualism......................................... 120 3.3 Language Use and Attitudes.......................................................... 121 3.4 Language Vitality .......................................................................... 122 3.5 Further Study ................................................................................. 123 3.6 Summary and Conclusions Concerning Chilisso ........................... 123 4. Gowro (Gabar Khel language).............................................................. 125 4.1 Relationship to Related and Neighboring Linguistic Varieties...... 127 4.2 Other Language Ability – Bilingualism......................................... 129 4.3 Language Use and Attitudes.......................................................... 130 4.4 Language Vitality .......................................................................... 131 4.5 Further Study ................................................................................. 132 4.6 Summary and Conclusions Concerning Gowro............................. 132 5. Bateri .................................................................................................... 133 5.0 Introduction ................................................................................... 133 5.1 Relationship to Related and Neighboring Linguistic Varieties...... 134 5.2 Proficiency in Other Languages – Bilingualism ............................ 137 5.3 Language Use and Attitudes.......................................................... 138 5.4 Language Vitality .......................................................................... 139 5.5 Further Study ................................................................................. 139 5.6 Summary and Conclusions Concerning Bateri .............................. 140 Appendix A Methodologies ......................................................................... 145 A.1 Procedure for Counting Lexical Similarity ........................................ 145 A.2 Recorded Text Testing....................................................................... 153 A.3 Sentence Repetition Testing............................................................... 157 Appendix B Swat Kohistan Survey Data.................................................... 159 B.1 Swat and Dir Kohistan Word Lists..................................................... 159 B.2 Swat Kohistan Texts .......................................................................... 177 B.3 Swat and Dir Kohistan Questionnaires............................................... 185 Appendix C Ushojo survey data.................................................................. 193 C.1 Ushojo Word List..............................................................................