Charles University in Prague Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Doctoral Thesis LEXICOGRAPHIC TREATMENT OF THE VALENCY ASPECTS OF VERBAL DIATHESES Anna Vernerová Prague, 2019 Doctoral Thesis Anna Vernerová Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: doc. RNDr. Markéta Lopatková, Ph.D. Lexicographic treatment of the valency aspects of verbal diatheses Study programme: Computer Science Specialization: Mathematical Linguistics Typeset with LATEX. Prague, 2019 I declare that I carried out this doctoral thesis independently, and only with the cited sources, literature and other professional sources. I understand that my work relates to the rights and obligations under the Act No. 121/2000 Coll., the Copyright Act, as amended, in particular the fact that the Charles University has the right to conclude a license agreement on the use of this work as a school work pursuant to Section 60 paragraph 1 of the Copyright Act. In . ........... Název práce: Slovníkové zpracování valenčních aspektů slovesných diatezí Autor: Anna Vernerová Ústav: Ústav formální a aplikované lingvistiky Vedoucí disertační práce: doc. RNDr. Markéta Lopatková, Ph.D., Ústav formální a aplikované lingvistiky Klíčová slova: valence, diateze, pasivní participium Abstrakt: Diateze, a to jak ty tvořené pomocí pasivního participia (pasivum, prostý a posesivní rezultativ, recipientní diateze), tak i tzv. zvratné pasivum (deagentizace) byly v minulosti předmětem řady studií jak v bohemistické, tak i v mezinárodní lingvistice, pro češtinu ale dosud chybělo jejich důkladné slovníkové zpracování. V této dizertační práci se zabývám zachycením diatezí tvořených pomocí pasivního participia a s nimi příbuzných verbonominálních konstrukcí v gramatické komponentě valenčního slovníkuVALLEX. Vlastnímu tématu práce předchází krátký historický úvod a podrobné shrnutí pojetí valence ve Funkčním generativním popisu. Title: Lexicographic treatment of the valency aspects of verbal diatheses Author: Anna Vernerová Department: Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Markéta Lopatková, Ph.D., Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics Keywords: valency, diathesis, passive participle Abstract: Diatheses have been the topic of a number of linguistic studies in Czech as well as international linguistics. Previous investigations have led to the delimitation of diatheses formed with the passive participle (the passive, objective (with auxiliary být ‘to be’) and possessive (with auxiliary mít ‘to have’) resultative, and recipient diatheses) and the so-called reflexive passive (deagen- tive diathesis), but systematic dictionary treatment has not been carried out yet. This dissertation is concerned with the diatheses that are formed with the passive participle and their treatment in the Functional Generative Description (FGD). After a thorough description of the valency theory of FGD, I discuss the design of the Grammatical Component of the valency lexicon VALLEX, concentrating on the rules for the formation of the diatheses that are built with the passive par- ticiple. Related verbonominal constructions and a new candidate for treatment as a diathesis (the subjective resultative) are also discussed. To my parents, who taught me the love of words, and to my husband, who a thousand times helped me survive the despair of a semicolon missing at an unidentifiable place in a perl script. Contents Contents viii List of Figures and Tables xi Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The topic of this dissertation ..................... 1 1.2 Method ................................ 3 1.3 Structure of this dissertation ..................... 4 I Valency in linguistics and especially in the Func- tional Generative Description 7 2 Valency in historical and international perspectives 9 2.1 First steps towards the concept of valency . 10 2.1.1 Aristotle ............................ 10 2.1.2 The Medieval era ....................... 12 2.2 Václav Philomates and Jan Blahoslav: Grammatica česká . 13 2.3 Sentence diagrams .......................... 24 2.4 Predecessors of the Valency Theory of the Functional Generative Description .............................. 36 2.5 Existing reviews of the literature concerned with valency . 40 2.6 Valency lexicons ............................ 41 3 Valency in the Functional Generative Description 45 3.1 Linguistic analysis through a system of layers . 46 viii CONTENTS 3.1.1 Meaning vs. content ..................... 46 3.1.2 The full system of layers ................... 49 3.1.3 A simplified system of layers . 53 3.1.4 Place of valency in the system of layers . 54 3.2 Structure of the lexicon: lexemes and lexical units . 58 3.2.1 Aspect and aspectual pairs (or n-tuples) . 58 3.2.2 Homonymy: criteria for distinguishing separate lexemes . 61 3.2.3 Polysemy: criteria for distinguishing separate lexical units 63 3.3 Delimiting and labelling complementations . 66 3.3.1 What constitutes a complementation . 66 3.3.2 Actants and free modifications . 67 3.3.3 The principle of actant shifting . 73 3.4 Obligatory and optional complementations: the dialogue test . 86 3.4.1 Typical and alternating complementations . 90 3.5 Forms of expression .......................... 91 3.6 Valency frames ............................ 93 3.6.1 Order of the complementations in a valency frame . 94 3.6.2 Typographic conventions ................... 95 3.7 Additional attributes of lexical units. Division of the lexicon into Data and Grammar Components . 95 3.8 Valency within the system of layers . 97 II Verbal diatheses and related deverbal adjectives 101 4 General structure of the rules 103 5 Constructions with the auxiliary být ‘to be’ 111 5.1 Passive and objective resultative diatheses with auxiliary být ‘to be’ 111 5.1.1 Passive and resultative in the Prague Dependency Treebank 114 5.1.2 Passive and resultative diathesis in the Data Component of VALLEX . 118 5.1.3 The basic rule . 119 5.1.4 Supplementary rules . 124 5.1.4.1 Transitive verbs . 125 5.1.4.1a Verbs with an accusative complementation . 125 5.1.4.1b Verbs with a genitive complementation . 133 5.1.4.2 Intransitive verbs . 135 5.1.4.2a Intransitive verbs with a genitive complementation . 135 5.1.4.2b Fluctuating verbs with a genitive complementation . 139 ix CONTENTS 5.1.4.2c Intransitive verbs without a genitive complementation . 144 5.2 Adjectives derived from passive participles . 148 5.2.1 Adjectives derived from passive participles of transitive verbs152 5.3 Resultative and adjectives derived from verbs with an accusative ‘Experiencer’ and nominative ‘Stimulus’ . 154 5.4 Subjective resultative derived from reflexive verbs . 160 6 Possessive resultative (with the auxiliary mít ‘to have’) 169 6.1 Possessive resultative of non-conversive type . 171 6.2 Possessive resultative of conversive type . 176 6.2.1 Basic rules ............................176 6.2.2 Supplementary rules . 182 6.3 The possessive resultative and verbal aspect . 186 7 Recipient diathesis (with the auxiliary dostat ‘to get’) 187 7.1 The recipient diathesis in VALLEX . 187 7.2 Verbs entering the recipient diathesis . 192 7.3 Recipient diathesis in the Prague Dependency Treebank . 196 7.4 Recipient diathesis with the auxiliary mít/mívat ‘to have’? . 197 7.5 The recipient diathesis and verbal aspect . 198 7.5.1 The recipient passive diathesis on the event–state continuum201 7.6 Recipient-like structures derived from dát + inf ‘let/give sb inf’ . 203 8 Conclusion 205 8.1 Summary ...............................205 8.2 Future work .............................. 207 8.2.1 The boundary between resultative and verbonominal readings207 8.2.2 The passive participle in spoken data . 207 Bibliography 213 Index 239 A Types of complementations 241 B Alternations and diatheses: terminology and examples 249 C The Grammatical Component 253 D List of publications 259 x List of Figures and Tables 1.1 Types and subtypes of diatheses ..................... 2 2.1 Sentence diagrams of Clark (1847) and March (1867) . 28 2.2 Sentence diagrams of Reed and Kellogg (1876) . 29 2.3 Sentence diagrams of Kern (1883b) ................... 30 2.4 Gebauer’s in-line marking of a relation between two words (1904) . 31 2.5 Gebauer’s marking of phrase structure (1904) . 32 2.6 Gebauer’s system for capturing the dependency structure of com- pound sentences (1904) .......................... 33 2.7 A sentence diagram of Šmilauer (1947) . 34 2.8 A sentence diagram of Tesnière (1959) . 35 3.1 System of layers in the Functional Generative Description . 50 3.2 Analysis of a sample sentence from PCEDT on four layers of annotation 55 3.3 Example entries from the valency lexicon VALLEX . 57 3.4 Illustrating the concepts of lexeme, lexical units and lexical forms.A similar figure has been used at least since (Žabokrtský, 2005, p.35), e.g. lately in the introductory part of VALLEX (Lopatková et al., 2016a, p. 24). .............................. 65 3.5 Characteristics of actants and free modifications . 69 3.6 Characteristics of quasivalency complementations . 70 3.7 Schema of actant shifting ........................ 74 3.8 t-layer and a-layer representations of two sentences . 99 5.1 Sample annotation of the passive diathesis in PDT. 115 5.2 Sample annotation of the resultative diathesis in PDT. 116 5.3 Sample annotation of a verbonominal construction in PDT. 117 xi List of Figures and Tables 8.1 Number of rules for each type of construction . 206 A.1 Characteristics of actants and free modifications . 242 A.2 Characteristics of quasivalency complementations . 243 A.3 Actants and quasivalency complementations . 244 A.4