Index Numbers are page numbers. Letters f and t refer to a figure or table. absorption coefficient, 214, 221 aircraft safety, 348 absorption cross section, 188 ALEXIS. See Atmospheric Lidar absorption line strength, 215 Experiment in Space absorption lines, 214, 215, 218 ALISSA system, 380–381 ACE. See Aerosol Characterization ALOHA. See Airborne Lidar and Experiment Observations of the Hawaiian additive Gaussian noise approximation Airglow (AGNA), 351 ammonia (NH3), 187, 204 ADEDIS. See Appareil de détection à amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), distance 411 ADM. See Atmospheric Dynamics AMPS payload. See Atmospheric, Mission Magnetospheric and Plasmas in ADN. See Asian Dust Network Space payload Advanced Remote Gaseous Oxides analytic solutions, QSA and, 79–82 Sensor (ARGOS), 197, 198f Ångström exponent, 106, 106t, 115, 192 aerodynamical alignment, 36 angular scattering function, 50, 80 Aerosol Characterization Experiment anti-Stokes Raman scattering, 244, 247, (ACE), 134 248, 283 aerosols. See particles APDS. See avalanche photodiodes AGNA. See additive Gaussian noise Appareil de détection à distance approximation (ADEDIS), 204 airborne lidar, 355–358, 360–368 ARGOS. See Advanced Remote Gaseous DIAL and, 357–358 Oxides Sensor history of, 355–358 ARM. See Atmospheric Radiation uses of, 360–363 Measurement Program wind measurement and, 344–347 AROTEL. See Airborne Raman Ozone, Airborne Lidar and Observations of the Aerosol and Temperature Lidar Hawaiian Airglow (ALOHA), 363 ASE. See amplified spontaneous emission Airborne Raman Ozone, Aerosol and Asian Dust Network (ADN), 107 Temperature Lidar (AROTEL), 364 ASSESS. See Airborne Science Spacelab Airborne Science Spacelab Experiments Experiments System Simulation System Simulation (ASSESS), 361 asymmetry factor, 80, 85 446 INDEX ATLID. See Atmospheric Lidar System beam expansion, 4 Atmospheric Dynamics Mission (ADM), BELINDA. See broadband-emission lidar 391 with narrow-band determination of Atmospheric Lidar Experiment in Space absorption (ALEXIS), 359 Bernoulli equation, 45, 111 Atmospheric Lidar System (ATLID), 359 bioaerosol detection, 437–439 Atmospheric, Magnetospheric and Boltzmann distribution, 276, 284, Plasmas in Space (AMPS) payload, 319, 363 358 boundary layer flow, 108, 342f, 343 Atmospheric Radiation Measurement boundary value problem, 86 Program (ARM), 226 Brillouin scattering, 156, 274, 275t, atomic absorption filters, 149–151, 282 276, 402 automotive lighting, 182 broadband-emission lidar with narrow-band determination of absorption (BELINDA), 16, B-spline functions, 122 399–414, 413f Ba, See barium broadening processes, 215, 216, 317, background mode, 130 401, 403–414 backscatter, 8–10, 44, 105–141, 143, butane (C H ), 203 188, 242 4 10 aerosols and, 116, 158f. See also particles Ca. See calcium air molecules and, 10, 143 Cabannes line, 13, 15, 249, 274, 276, 402 attenuated, 158f Cai-Liou model, 66 coefficient, units of, 9 calcium (Ca), 276, 308, 315t, 316 conversion factors, 131 calibration, 155–157, 157f, 258, 286 depolarization and, 24, 30t, 50. See CALIOP. See Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with also depolarization Orthogonal Polarization DIAL. See differential absorption lidar CALIPSO mission, 380, 384, 385, 385f, Doppler shifts and, 17 386, 389, 389f, 390 effective, 89–90 CAMEX. See Convection And Moisture efficiency, 120 Experiment elastic, 12–13, 47, 107, 243, 292, 361 carbon dioxide (CO2), 25, 203, 242 equation for, 109–112 carbon monoxide (CO), 187, 203 extinction and, 45, 46, 89, 97, 131, CARL. See Cloud And Radiation Lidar 132f, 136f. See also extinction CART. See Clouds And Radiation inelastic. See Raman lidar Testbed lidar equation and, 44. See also lidar CAT. See clear-air turbulence equation ceilometers, 175, 175f, 179, 180f particulate matter and, 10. See also centrifugal distortion constant, 283, 285t particles CERES system, 390 polarization and, 23, 24, 30t, 50. See CH4. See methane also polarization C2H4. See ethylene ratio, 110, 131, 132f, 147, 192, 242, C2H6. See ethane 282, 292 C3H8. See propane rotational Raman method, 281 C4H10. See butane See also scattering; specific systems, Chebyshev particles, 24 parameters chirp, 422–424 backward enhancement, 435f chlorine (Cl2), 196 ballistic trajectories, 436–437 cirrus clouds. See clouds barium (Ba), 149 Cl2. See chlorine base functions, 122, 123 clear-air turbulence (CAT), 348 INDEX 447 climate forcing, 122 Deirmendjian distribution, 96, 171 climate modeling, 106 DEMP. See diethylmethylphosphonate Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal depolarization, 20, 26–33, 51–52, 361 Polarization (CALIOP), 385–386, backscatter and, 24, 30t, 50 388t causes of, 23 Cloud And Radiation Lidar (CARL) 226 circular, 21, 159, 159f clouds, 23, 27–28, 39, 107 cirrus, 37f average reflection, 87 clouds, 22 ceiling, 179–181 linear, 20, 21, 30, 30t, 33, 50, 52 cirrus, 29, 30, 34, 37f, 51, 90, 95 Lorenz-Mie theory, 28 climate and, 28 measures of, 20–23 cumulus, 50 ratio, 34f, 49 dense diffusion, 84–88 rotational Raman signal, 284, 290 detection of, 177–182 York University model, 52 droplets in, 29 See also polarization ice crystals in, 19, 22, 24, 29–31, 35t desert dust, 27 liquid water content, 99 di-isopropylmethylphosphonate LITE and. See Lidar In Space (DIMP), 204 Technology Experiment DIAL. See differential absorption lidar mesospheric, 363 DIAL approximation, 404 mixed phase in, 31 diethylmethylphosphonate (DEMP), 204 noctilucent, 28 differential absorption lidar (DIAL), particles in. See particles 15–16, 39, 187–212, 219, 224, small optical depths, 91 236, 274 stratospheric. See stratospheric clouds absorption lines, 218 subvisual, 34 airborne, 357, 364 temperature measurements in, 274, 292 backscattering and, 192 virtual profiles, 63 BELINDA and, 16, 399–441 visibility and, 165–186 broadening effects, 403–405 water clouds, 28 convection experiment, 234 Clouds And Radiation Testbed (CART), corrections for, 190, 191, 206 226, 227f, 228, 230 data acquisition and, 224 CO. See carbon monoxide differential absorption coefficient, 214 CO2. See carbon dioxide dual, 207 coherent Doppler lidar, 337 equation for, 188, 190, 221 collision broadening, 216, 317, 401–414 extinction and, 190 collision parameters, 61, 216 far-infrared, 203–206 continuous-wave Doppler lidar, 331 guidelines for, 210 contrails, 29 LaRC and, 357, 362, 365–366 Convection And Moisture Experiment LASE and, 234 (CAMEX), 234 MDIAL, 208 convective boundary layer, 108 mid-infrared, 202–203 correction algorithms, 89, 192 model atmosphere, 192, 192f cross sections, 245–252, 284, 310, 311f multi-wavelength, 206–209 cross-sensitivity, 190 ozone and, 357 cross-validation, 126–127 Raman lidar and, 16 crosswinds, 329 scattering and, 407f spectral distribution, 217, 406 DAS lidar. See differential temperature measurement, 236–238, absorption lidar 276, 399 DBS. See Doppler beam swinging scan types of, 196–206 448 INDEX differential absorption lidar EOS. See Earth Observing System (DIAL) (Continued) equivalent radiance, 75–76 ultraviolet, 196–200 equivalent source profile, 76 visible-light, 200–202 error amplification, 124 water vapor and, 213, 227f, 234, 357, error analysis, 124, 127–128 358, 365, 391, 399, 407f ESA. See European Space Agency wavelengths in, 195, 206, 218. See ethane (C2H6), 206 also specific systems ethylene (C2H4), 204 white-light femtosecond lidar, European Aerosol Research Lidar 399–441 Network (EARLINET), 107, 266 diffraction scattering, 96, 98 European Space Agency (ESA), 107, 218 diffusion limit, 84–88, 99 Experimental Lidar in Space Experiment DIMP. See (ELISE), 359 di-isoproplylmethylphosphonate extinction, 44, 45, 51, 63, 105, 167, 188 direct-detection Doppler lidar, 332–336, air molecules and, 11, 190 334f, 335f, 343 atmospheric, 143 direct-problem model, 90, 96, 98 backscatter ratio, 110, 131, 132f, 192, discrete dipole approximation, 24 242 Doppler beam swinging (DBS) scan, 341 coefficient, 105 Doppler broadening, 156, 215, 276, conversion factors, 131 317, 401 DIAL and, 190. See also DIAL Doppler-free saturated-absorption effective, 74, 89 spectroscopy, 318 efficiencies, 120 Doppler systems, 17, 18 lidar equation and, 10 DBS scan, 341 lidar ratio, 242 shift in, 243, 308, 325 particles and, 11. See also particles wind lidar, 325–354 rotational Raman and, 287f. See also double-cavity etalon, 412 rotational Raman systems drag forces, 32 wavelength-dependent effects, 189 droplets, 29, 430–439 VOR and, 167 dust, 35, 181 See also specific systems extinction-to-backscatter ratio, 120 EARLINET. See European Aerosol Research Lidar Network Fabry-Perot interferometer, 14, 113, Earth Observing System, 358–359, 368, 147–149, 148f, 282, 412 384, 391 fallstreak, 35t eddy-correlation technique, 233 Faraday filter, 313 effective absorption coefficient, 221 Fe. See iron effective cross section, 311f fiber amplifiers, 163 effective extinction, 74, 89 field-of-view range, 95, 98–99 effective medium theorem, 68–78, 92 filamentation, 416–417, 417f, 420 El Chichón, 130 finite difference methods, 24 elastic backscatter, 12–13, 107, 361 fluorescence, 197, 225t, 274, 275t, 276, equation for, 188 307, 317–321, 363, 432–435, lidar system, 12–13, 107 437–439 signal blocking, 299 flux measurement, 85, 197, 204, 205f suppression of, 292 fog, types of, 172f ELISE. See Experimental Lidar in forward propagation problem, 78 Space Experiment Fourier transforms, 74, 77, 86 Eloranta model, 67 fractal particles, 24 entrainment zone, 232 Fraunhofer formula, 94 INDEX 449 Fredholm integral equation, 120 hydrazine, 187 free path length, 61 hydrogen chloride (HCl), 187, 203 freon, 133, 204 hydrometeors, 20,