Drivers of organic, biodynamic, and/or sustainable wine production in South Australia Monal Khokhar Masters of Environmental Management School of Earth Sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering Flinders University 8 December 2017 i CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ iv DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................. viii 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Overview and objectives ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research questions ............................................................................................................................. 4 2. SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE WINE INDUSTRY ....................... 5 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Background ........................................................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Organic and Biodynamic Farming ..................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Global Wine Industry ......................................................................................................................... 10 2.5 Wine Production in Australia ............................................................................................................ 12 2.6 Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 18 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS ........................................................................................ 20 3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 20 3.2 Research Design ................................................................................................................................ 20 3.3 Analysis of wineries websites ........................................................................................................... 22 3.4 Ethical Approval .................................................................................................................................. 25 3.5 Sampling and administration of questionnaire ............................................................................... 26 3.5.1 Sampling ...................................................................................................................................... 26 3.5.2 Questionnaire .............................................................................................................................. 30 3.6 Interviews with wineries .................................................................................................................... 32 3.7 Interviews with certification and producer organisations.............................................................. 34 3.5 Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 35 4. RESULTS ...................................................................................................................................... 36 4.1 Analysis of winery websites .............................................................................................................. 36 4.1.1 Barossa Valley ............................................................................................................................ 36 4.1.2 McLaren Vale .............................................................................................................................. 37 4.1.3 Clare Valley.................................................................................................................................. 38 4.1.4 Coonawarra ................................................................................................................................. 38 4.1.5 Eden Valley .................................................................................................................................. 40 4.1.6 Langhorne Creek ........................................................................................................................ 40 4.2 Results of questionnaires .................................................................................................................. 41 4.3 Interviews with wineries .................................................................................................................... 52 4.4 Interviews with Certification and Producer Organisations ........................................................... 57 4.5 Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 61 5. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................................................... 62 5.1 Analysis of winery websites .............................................................................................................. 62 5.2 Adoption of organic, biodynamic and sustainable practices........................................................ 67 5.2.1 Motivations for adopting of organic, biodynamic or sustainable practices ......................... 67 5.2.2 Barriers for adoption of organic, biodynamic or sustainable practice ................................. 70 5.3 Certification of organic, biodynamic or sustainable wine production ......................................... 73 5.3.1 Motivations for obtaining certifications of organic, biodynamic or sustainable practice ... 74 5.3.2 Barriers for getting certifications of organic, biodynamic or sustainable practice ............. 75 5.4 Pricing and marketing ........................................................................................................................ 76 ii 5.5 Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 78 6. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 79 6.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 79 6.2 What are the key driving factors affecting adoption of organic, biodynamic or sustainable practices ..................................................................................................................................................... 79 6.3 Wineries‟ decisions to obtaining sustainable or organic certification ......................................... 80 6.5 Suggestions for future research ....................................................................................................... 81 APPENDIX A WINERIES: NAME, CONTACT DETAILS, PRODUCTION METHODS .................... 1 A1 Wineries of Barossa Valley ................................................................................................................. 1 A2 Wineries of McLaren vale .................................................................................................................. 20 A3 Wineries of Clare Valley .................................................................................................................... 39 A4 Wineries of Coonawarra .................................................................................................................... 45 A5 Wineries of Eden Valley ..................................................................................................................... 50 A6 Wineries of Langhorne creek ............................................................................................................ 54 APPENDIX B CLASSIFICATION OF WINERIES BY AGE AND PRODUCTION............................. 1 B1 Classification of wineries in Barossa Valley ..................................................................................... 1 B3 Classification of wineries in McLaren Vale ....................................................................................... 6 B3 Classification of wineries in Clare Valley ......................................................................................... 10 B4 Classification of wineries in Coonawarra ........................................................................................ 12 B5 Classification of wineries in Eden Vale ............................................................................................ xiv B6 Classification