BIRSEL KÜÇÜKSIPAHIOĞLU / Şarkiyat Mecmuası Sayı 26 (2015-1) 63-83 63 HAÇLILAR KARŞISINDA İLK TÜRK LİDERİ: SULTAN I. KILIÇARSLAN Birsel KÜÇÜKSİPAHİOĞLU* Öz: Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti’nin kurucusu Süleymanşah’ın oğlu olan Sultan I. Kılıç Arslan, Büyük Selçuklu Sultanı Melikşah’ın 1092’de ölü- münden sonra İznik’e gelerek 1093 yılından itibaren İznik merkezli Tür- kiye Selçuklu Devleti’ni yönetmeye başlamıştır. Türk birliğini yeniden kurmaya çalışan, Bizans İmparatorluğu‘na karşı güçlenme çabası için de olan ve ülkesini genişletme gayretleri ile dikkatleri üzerine çeken sultanın Türkleri Anadolu’dan atmak için gelen Haçlı ordularıyla mücadelesi ola- ğan üstü bir kahramanlık olarak kayıtlara geçmiştir. Haçlıların karşılaştığı ilk Türk lideri olan Sultan I. Kılıç Arslan, Birinci Haçlı Seferi’nin öncü gruplarını 21 Ekim 1096’da Drakon Savaşı’nda büyük yenilgiye uğratmış, arkadan gelen ve Türkiye Selçuklu başkenti İznik’i kuşatan seferin büyük ordularını ise buradan uzaklaştırmak için mücadele vermiş ardından da Dorylaion önlerinde Haçlıları durdurmak için büyük gayret göstermiştir. Çok çaba sarfetmesine rağmen Birinci Haçlı Seferi’ni burada sonlandıra- mayan sultan bunun intikamını 1101 Yılı Haçlı Seferleri’nde almış ve yüz- binlerle ifade edilen Haçlı ordularını Türk beylerinin de desteği ile Anadolu içlerinde yenilgiye uğratarak yok etmeyi başarmıştır. Böylece Kılıç Arslan, azim, cesaret, ileri görüşlülük ve kararlılık gibi liderlik vasıflarıyla hareket edip Haçlılara Türklerin Anadolu’dan atılamayacağını, bu toprakların Türk yurdu olduğunu ispatlayarak buraların değil işgali geçmenin bile mümkün olamayacağını göstermiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sultan I. Kılıç Arslan, Haçlılar, Drakon Savaşı, Dorylaion Savaşı, 1101 Yılı Haçlı Seferleri. * Prof. Dr., İstanbul Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, Ortaçağ Tarihi Anabilim Dalı ([email protected]).. 64 HAÇLILAR KARŞISINDA İLK TÜRK LİDERİ: SULTAN I. KILIÇARSLAN THE FIRST TURKISH LEADER AGAINST THE CRUSADERS: SULTAN KILIJ ARSLAN I Abstract: Sultan Kilij Arslan I, son of Suleyman Shah, the founder of Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, came to Nicaea following death of Sultan Ma- lik-Shah of Great Seljuk Empire in 1092, and started to rule the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum based in Nicaea. The Sultan who was recognized for his efforts to re-establish Turkish union, hold a stronger position against the Byzantine Empire and expand his lands outstandingly stood against the Crusader Armies that campaigned to throw Turks out of Anatolia, and challenged them which was recorded as a great heroism. Sultan Kilij Ar- slan I, the first Turkish leader that the Crusaders confronted, overwhelmed the vanguard units of the First Crusade in the Battle of Civetot in October 21, 1096, and fought for repelling the subsequent big armies that besieged Nicaea, capital city of Sultanate of Rum, and then he showed outstanding efforts to halt the Crusaders at Dorylaeum. The Sultan, who had failed to bring an end to the First Crusade in spite of his outstanding efforts, took his revenge in the Crusade of 1101, and succeeded in defeating and destroying the crusaders armies comprised of hundreds of thousands of soldiers in the interiors of Anatolia with the aid of Turkish beys (chieftains). Thus, Kilij Arslan well displayed determination, courage, farsightedness and decisive- ness which are considered as leadership characteristics, and proved that it was not possible to repel Turks from Anatolia, and those lands would be Turkish homeland which could not even be passed through let alone occupying it. Keywords: Sultan Kilij Arslan I, Crusaders, Battle of Civetot, Battle of Dorylaeum, the Crusade of 1101. 1. Arrival of Sultan Kilij Arslan I at Nicaea and His First Actions Sultan Kilij Arslan I was son of Suleyman Shah, the conqueror of Anato- lia and founder of Seljuk Sultanate of Rum. He was recognized for his efforts to re-establish the dissolved Turkish union, hold a stronger position against the Byzantine Empire, and expand his lands. His fight against the Crusader armies that campaigned starting from 1096 in order to throw Turks out of Anatolia was an outstanding heroic deed. As an important detail, he was also the first Turkish leader to confront the Crusaders. BIRSEL KÜÇÜKSIPAHIOĞLU / Şarkiyat Mecmuası Sayı 26 (2015-1) 63-83 65 Thought to be born in or before 1085, Sultan Kilij Arslan I was known to accompany his father Suleyman Shah when he campaigned to conquer Anti- och, and stayed in Antioch after Suleyman Shah lost his life in 1086 in his fight against Tutush. However, Kilij Arslan left Antioch after Sultan Malik-Shah of Great Seljuk Empire came there taking him back to Isfahan, and started to live in Isfahan together with his mother and brother Kulan Arslan. Kilij Arslan was only allowed to leave Isfahan upon consent of Sultan Barkiyaruq following death of Malik-Shah in 1092, and arrived at Nicaea together with his brother Kulan Arslan. Abu al-Ghazi who was in charge of the city after death of Suleyman Shah then submitted the city to him, thus he started to rule the Sultanate of Rum based in Nicaea starting from 1093. Kilij Arslan, who was called as Suleyman in the Crusader sources, first got into act to re-establish the dissolved Turkish union, and then expand in the terri- tory and build up more strength. This political policy would inevitably make him confront the Byzantine Empire. Indeed, the Sultan assigned Amir Muhammad as the army commander, sending him to and ordering him to capture the South- ern Marmara coasts of the empire. Against Muhammad who occupied cities of Kyzikos and Apollonias, the emperor sent a fleet commanded by Alexandros Eu- phorbenos for resistance. According to Byzantine Chronicler Anna Komnene, as the armada was not then ready, the emperor tried to build up a fleet with as many ships as he could find, loaded the soldiers in these ships and sent them to fight against Turks. With this fleet, the empire forces managed to besiege the city for 6 days but then retreated as they failed to succeed against Muhammad who con- tinued his struggle in the interior castle. Seeing that the empire forces were set to leave, Muhammad handed them a big defeat before they could leave the territory. What made Alexandros to make such a move was that Turks came to the aid of Muhammad, as a result of which the empire troops were understood to be insuf- ficient against such a unified power.1 When Kilij Arslan continued his fight against the empire, he also tried to con- solidate his position by marrying daughter of Chaka, a Turkish Bey who ruled Izmir and its vicinity, also involved in attempts against Byzantine to expand his * Assoc. Prof. Dr., Istanbul University - Faculty of Letters - Department of History - Medieval Ages Discipline. 1 Anna Komnene, Aleksiad, trans. Bilge Umar, Anna Kommene Alexiad, Istanbul, 1996, p. 206 et seq. See also: Osman Turan, Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye, Istanbul 1993, p. 95-97; Işın Demirkent, Türkiye Selçuklu Hükümdarı Sultan I. Kılıç Arslan, Ankara, 1996, p. 15-16 66 HAÇLILAR KARŞISINDA İLK TÜRK LİDERİ: SULTAN I. KILIÇARSLAN lands. However, the Emperor turned to his usual tactics trying to bring him into to the fold and drive a wedge between Chaka Bey and the Sultan. In his letter he sent to Kilij Arslan, the Emperor claimed that he inherited the sultanate from his father, and Chaka had risen against the Empire but he was not able to fight the Empire so his actual target was the Sultan himself. Emperor Alexios claimed that sultanate of Kilij Arslan was therefore in danger, and he advised the Sultan to bring Chaka Bey to his knees, either peacefully or forcibly. Kilij Arslan, who ap- peared to be greatly concerned as a result of that letter, thought that Chaka could be a problem for him, and acted against Chaka who was then besieging Abydos. Simultaneously, the Empire put pressure on Chaka from the sea with its armada commanded by Constantine Dalassenos. Stuck in a very difficult situation, Chaka Bey went to Sultan to come to terms with him. As recorded by Anna Komnene, Chaka Bey was not aware that Kilij Arslan had a deal with the Emperor. First welcomed by Kilij Arslan, Chaka Bey was killed by Kilij Arslan when he was having meal on the same table with the Sultan. The alliance between the Empire and Kilij Arslan did not last long after death of Chaka because when the Emperor was fighting against the Kumans, Turks led by Kilij Arslan started to carry out raids on Bithynia region, the vicinity of Lake Sapanca. As those raids threatened Nicomedia, Alexios started to design a new project. The Emperor discovered that there was a trench extending from the south of Lake Sapanca to the coast, and ordered to deepen that trench in order to prevent Turkish raids on Nicomedia and its vicinity. He contemplated to fill the trench with lake water, thus preventing entry of Turks into the territory. However, arrival of the Crusaders prevented that project.2 2. Sultan Kilij Arslan I and His Fight against the Crusaders Emperor Alexios was forced to seek military aid from the West as did Em- peror Michael VII (1071-1078) in order to fight against Turks more effectively. Indeed, the Emperor knew that his power was not solely sufficient for fighting against Turks, and relied on the aid from West as the most effective way of re- pelling Turks from Anatolia and the Near East. The West, on the other hand, would hundreds of thousands, turning that offer into the Crusade. The call by Pope Urban II in the Council of Clermont in 1095 constituted the basis for the Crusades. Upon that call, the armies campaigned, and started to arrive at the 2 Anna Komnene, p. 269-271, 301-302.See also: Turan, ibid., p. 97-98; Demirkent, ibid., p. 17-19. BIRSEL KÜÇÜKSIPAHIOĞLU / Şarkiyat Mecmuası Sayı 26 (2015-1) 63-83 67 Imperial Capital, Constantinople, starting from 1096.