María de Jesús Cordero 5b The Transformations of Araucania from Valdivia's Letters to Vivar's Chronicle PETER LANG New York • Washington, D.C./Baltimore • Bern Frankfurt am Main • Berlín • Brussels • Vienna • Oxford C100A) . TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE. Incidents and Images of the Life of Pedro de Valdivia (1498P-1554) 7 Introduction 7 Pedro de Valdivia's Birthdate 9 Valdivia's Homeland in Extremadura 9 Valdivia's Silence about his Homeland and Extremenian Ñames he Gives to Chile 15 Valdivia an Hidalgo} 17 Possible Routes to Valdivia's Acquisition of Writing Skills and Rhetorical Technique 20 Valdivia's Military History 22 In Between Wars: Salamanca or Zalamea 24 At Home in Castuera 25 Valdivia Goes to Perú by Way of Venezuela 26 Valdivia Goes to Chile 28 Valdivia is Arrested and Returned to Perú 29 On Valdivia and Greed 31 Valdivia as Poblador 35 Valdivia's Wife Doña Marina Ortiz de Gaete 36 Valdivia's Mistress Inés Suárez 39 Overview 42 CHAPTERTwo. The Rhetorical and Narrative Dimensions of Valdivia's Letters of Conquest 55 Introduction 55 The Literary Analysis of Valdivia's Letters 56 x Table ofContents A Description of Valdivia's Letters 60 The Sixteenth-Century Debate about Letter Writing 63 The Classification of Valdivia's Letters 66 The Oratorical Structure of Valdivia's Letters 68 The Salutatio (Salutation) 68 The Vakdictio (Valediction) 69 The Exordium (Introduction) 70 The Narrado (Narration) 74 The Emplotment of Romance in Valdivia's Letters 75 The Sinister Landscape and the Unworthy Enemy: the Atacama Desert and the Copiapó Indians of Northern Chile 77 The Enemies of the Héroes of Romance: the Aconcagua and Mapocho Indians of the Central Valley 80 The Landscape of Plenty Reconstituted 86 Displacement into Another World: Valdivia's Return to Perú and the Suppression of the Rebel Pizarro 88 Valdivia's Ambivalence about the Other Héroes of Romance, the Araucanian Indians South of the Bío-Bío River 90 The Bride of Romance, Undelivered 96 CHAPTER THREE. Gerónimo de Vivar's Coránicaj Rrelafion Copiosay Verdadera de los Rreynos de Chile [1558]: Epic Configuration, Reliance on the Letters of Pedro de Valdivia and Use as a Source by Alonso de Ercilla 111 Introduction 111 Vivar and his Chronicle 112 Who Was Gerónimo de Vivar? 112 Vivar's Intended Audience and his Purposes for Writing 118 Synchronic Description and Diachronic Perspectives in Vivar's Chronicle 120 The Despoblado and the Marvelous 122 Table ofContents xi Vivar's Valdivia as Epic Hero 124 The Fear-Turned-Wrath of the Scourged Copiapó Indians 127 Episodic Variety: the Example of Alonso de Monroy among the Copiapó Indians 130 Valdivia's Letters and Vivar's Chronicle 135 Valdivia and Vivar on the Central Valley Indians: Worthy Opponents for an Epic Hero? 136 The Conquest as the Will of God: Nature and Miracles 145 The Araucanians: the True Indian Héroes of Vivar's Chronicle as Elaborated on the Basis of Valdivia's Letters 148 Vivar's Chronicle as a Source for Ercilla's 1M Araucana 150 Lautaro's Heroism and the Death of Valdivia 151 The Contest Scene 154 Galvarino, Fresia, and the Death of Caupolicán 157 "The Exhortation of the Mutilated Galvarino" 157 "The Imprisonment and Impalement of Caupolicán" . 160 Araucanian Cannibalism in Vivar's Chronicle 165 Conclusión 170 APPENDKES 185 Background 185 Appendix A: Valdivia's First Infiltration into Araucanian Territory .... 186 Appendix B: Gonzalo Pizarro's Rebellion in Perú 188 Appendix C: Valdivia's Southern Campaign Resumed 195 BlBLIOGRAPHY 207.