Notes and References Introduction 1. M. Legassick, 'South Africa: Forced Labour, Industrialization and Racial Differentiation', in R. Harris (ed.) The Political Economy of Africa (Massachusetts, 1975), p. 250. 2. H. Wolpe, 'Capitalism and Cheap Labour-Power in South Africa: From Segregation to Apartheid', in Economy and Society, I, 4, 1972. 3. M. Lacey, Working for Boroko. The Origins of a Coercive Labour System in South Africa (Johannesburg, 1981). 4. S. Marks, The Ambiguities of Dependencein South Africa. Class, Nationalism. and the State in Twentieth-Century Natal (Baltimore and Johannesburg, 1986), p. 38. 5. M. Legassick, 'The Making of South African "Native Policy", 1903-1923: The Origins of "Segregation" , (seminar paper, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London University, 1973), p. 1. 6. It should be noted that to say that segregation provided the political and social conditions for the long-term reproduction of capitalism as a system begs several questions. How long is the long-term? Is capitalism a single system, or does it make more sense to speak of capitalism as embracing varying systems of accumulation, all of which involve different degrees of exploitation? 7. S. Marks, 'Natal, the Zulu Royal Family and the Ideology of Segre­ gation' , in Journal of Southern African Studies (Henceforth JSAS), IV, 2, 1978, 177. 8. J. W. Cell, The Highest Stage of White Supremacy: The Origins of Segregation in South Africa and the American South (Cambridge, 1982), p.3. 9. P. B. Rich, White Power and the Liberal Conscience. Racial Segregation and South African Liberalism 1921--60 (Johannesburg and Manchester, 1984). 10. G. H. Nicholls, South Africa in My Time (London, 1961), p. 277. While substantially true, this statement should also be seen in terms of Nicholls' desire to prove the importance of his own contribution to 'native policy' in the period after 1920. 11. N. L. G. Cope, 'The Zulu Royal Family Under the South African Government, 1910-1933: Solomon kaDinuzulu, Inkatha and Zulu Nationalism' (PhD thesis, Natal University, 1985), pp. 151-2. 12. W. K. Hancock, Smuts, Vol.1I. The Fields of Force 1919-1950 (Cambridge, 1968), p. 21. 13. A. J. Barnouw, Language and Race Problems in South Africa (The Hague, 1934), pp. 57-8. 14. S. G. Millin, The South Africans (London 1926), p. 94. 15. N. E. Dubow, Irma Stern (Cape Town, 1974), pp. 16--17. 181 182 Segregation and Apartheid in South Atriea 16. M. Perham, Afriean Apprentieeship. An Autobiographieal Journey in Southern Afriea 1929 (London, 1974), p. 143. 17. L. Barnes, Caliban in Afriea. An Impression of Colour-Madness (London, 1930), p. 70. 18. In 1929 Margery Pe rh am observed: 'It is rather interesting that, parallel with all the new anthropological appreciation of the native, there has gone an artistic interpretation. They are closely linked'. See her Afriean Apprentieeship, p. 143. 19. A. Ashforth, 'On the "Native Ouestion": A Reading of the Grand Tradition of Commissions of Inquiry into the "Native Ouestion" in Twentieth-Century South Africa' (DPhii thesis, Oxford University, 1987), pp. 92-3. 20. The phrase 'differential sovereignty' is Ashforth's. 21. Cell, White Supremaey, p. 18. 22. On the link between South Africa and the United States, see Cell, White Supremaey; also G.M. Fredrickson, White Supremaey. A Comparative Study in Ameriean and South Afriean History (Oxford and New York, 1981). 23. H. A. Shannon, 'Urbanization, 1904-1936', South Afriean Journal of Eeonomies, V, 2, 1937. 24. House of Assembly Debates (1930), vol. 14, col 230. 25. H. Bradford, 'The Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union of Africa in the South African Countryside, 1924-1930' (PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, 1985), pp. 232-3. 26. J. Lonsdale, 'Classes and Social Process in Africa: A Historiographical Survey', in the Afriean Studies Review, XXIV, 2-3, 1981, 187. 27. In 1985 the Department of Co operation of Development (the direct descendant of the Native Affairs Department) was renamed and most of its functions were transferred to the Department of Constitutional Development and Planning. 28. N. Poulantzas, State, Power, Socialism (London, 1978). 29. W. Beinart, The Politieal Eeonomy of Pondoland 1860-1930 (Cambridge, 1982), pp. 164-5. 30. Perham, Afriean Apprentieeship, p. 178. Perham mistakenly ascribes too much importance to the 'Afrikanerisation' of the state in explaining this transition. 31. Hertzog papers, A32 vol. 173, J. Albert Coetzee to General Hertzog 3/2/33, enclosing 'Nation Building in South Africa'. 32. W. G. Ballinger, 'All Union Politics are Native Affairs', in Cape Times, 27 February 1930. 33. D. E. Kaplan, 'Class Conflict, Capital Accumulation and the State: An Historical Analysis of the State in Twentieth Century South Africa' (PhD thesis, Sussex University, 1977), pp. 12,14,15. 1 The Elaboration of Segregationist Ideology, c. 1900-36 1. M. Lacey, Working for Boroko. The Origins of a Coercive Labour System in South Afriea (Johannesburg, 1981), pp. 14-17; R. Parry, Notes and References 183 , "In a Sense Citizens, But Not altogether Citizens ... " Rhodes, Race, and the Ideology of Segregation at the Cape in the Late Nineteenth Century', Canadian Journal of African Studies, XVII, 3, 1983. 2. See, for example, Paul B. Rich, Race and Empire in British Politics (Cambridge, 1986), p. 21; E. H. Brookes, The History of Native Policy in South Africa from 1830 to the Present Day (Cape Town, 1924), pp. 99-107. Note that the Chairman of the SANAC report was Sir Godfrey Lagden, a former Resident Commissioner of Basutoland. In arguing for segregation Howard Pim (see below) often cited the Basuto­ land precedent. 3. D. Welsh, The Roots of Segregation. Native Policy in Colonial Natal, 1845-1910 (London and Cape Town, 1971), p. 322. 4. Marks, The Ambiguities, p. 5 and Chapter 1. See also S. Marks, 'White Supremacy. A Review Article', Comparative Studies in Society and History, XXIX, 2, 1987. 5. C. W. de Kiewiet, A History of South Africa, Social and Economic (Oxford, 1941); E. A. Walker, The Frontier Tradition in South Africa (Oxford, 1930); C. M. Tatz, Shadow and Substance in South Africa. A Study in Land and Franchise Policies Affecting Africans, 1910-1960 (Pietermaritzburg, 1962) 6. G. Leach, South Africa. No Easy Path to Peace, 2nd edition (London, 1987), pp. 36, 40. 7. A. N. Pelzer's authorised history of the Afrikaner Broederbond, Die Afrikaner-Broederbond: Eerste 50 Jaar (Cape Town, 1979), pp. 163--4, quotes an official Broederbond document dated 1933 as reflecting the organisation's basic creed on native policy - adding that it appears to have been forgotten since that date. The document calls for the impo­ sition of total segregation as the immediate, practical policy of the state, and seems to foreshadow a policy of 'tribai' balkanisation. 8. M. Legassick, 'The Making of South African "Native Policy", 1903-1923: The Origins of "Segregation" " seminar paper, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, London University, 1973, p. 2. 9. Cell, White Supremacy, p. 211. 10. South African Native Affairs Commission 1903-5. Vol. 1, (Cape Town, 1905). 11. Rich, Race and Empire, p. 56. 12. Cape Argus, 20 August 1902. Note that the governor general was not talking of territorial segregation, he was referring to the creation of special urban 'locations' for Africans in the wake of the bubo nie plague. My thanks to Christopher Saunders for this reference. 13. Pim papers, A881 Hb8.16, 'The Native Problem in South Africa', by J. H. Pim, 1905. J. H. Pim (1862-1934) was born near Dublin and educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He came to South Africa in 1890 as achartered accountant with Rhodes's British South Africa Company. In 1894 he established his own practice and became an auditor to De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd. He was a member of Milner's nominated Johannesburg Town Council of 1903. On account of the principled stand he took against the importation of Chinese labour in 1904, the Chamber of Mines and Rand Mines Ltd refused to 184 Segregation and Apartheid in South Africa re appoint hirn as their auditor. He recovered from this boycott (to be 'Pimmed' became a colloquial expression in Johannesburg) and served on a number of important government commissions. Pim was a committed Quaker, who increasingly devoted hirnself to a variety of social welfare activities. Through his connection with the Joint Councils and the Institute of Race Relations, he became a prominent figure in liberal circles, and functioned as a theorist, organizer and patron. Various obituaries testify to Pim's humanitarianism and refer to hirn as a champion of 'native rights'. 14. Ibid., p. 9. 15. P. Rich, 'The Agrarian Counter-Revolution in the Transvaal and the Origins of Segregation: 1902-1913', (African Studies seminar paper, University of the Witwatersrand, 1975) p. 15; M. Legassick and D. Innes, 'Capital Restructuring and Apartheid: A Critique of Constructive Engagement', in African Affairs, LXXVI, 305, 1977, pp. 465-6. 16. Pim, 'The Native Problem', p. 9, 17. Ibid., pp. 7, 10. 18. Pim papers, A881 Fa 3/2 Abstract of paper for British Association, p. 2. For more on Pim's interpretation of American History see his paper 'The Question of Race', delivered to the Fortnightly Club, 15 November 1906, in Pim papers, A881 Hb 17. 19. Pim papers, Fa 1/3, 'A Note on Native Policy', p. 7. 20. Ibid., p. 7. 21. Ibid. ,pp. 7-8. 22. Pim, 'The Question of Race', p. 2. 23. South African Native Affairs Commission 1903-5. Vol I (Cape Town, 1905), p. 895. 24. Pim papers, A881 Fa 9/7, 'Memorandum re "Segregation" " 1914, p.2. 25. Stanley Trapido has pointed out to me that Pim's ideas about the functions of the reserves appears in Appendix VIII, p. 111 of Cd 7707, Dominions Royal Commission.