FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE • BLACK SEA STRATEGY PAPERS SELIM KORU FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2018 by the Foreign Policy Research Institute COVER: President Erdogan and President Putin at the Akkuyu Nuclear plant, April 2018. (Source: Kremlin.ru) November 2018 FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE MISSION The Foreign Policy Research Institute is dedicated to bringing the insights of scholarship to bear on the foreign policy and national security challenges facing the United States. It seeks to educate the public, teach teachers, train students, and offer ideas to advance U.S. national interests based on a nonpartisan, geopolitical perspective that illuminates contemporary international affairs through the lens of history, geography, and culture. EDUCATING THE AMERICAN PUBLIC: FPRI was founded on the premise than an informed and educated citizenry is paramount for the U.S. to conduct a coherent foreign policy. Today, we live in a world of unprecedented complexity and ever-changing threats, and as we make decisions regarding the nation’s foreign policy, the stakes could not be higher. FPRI offers insights to help the public understand this volatile world by publishing research, hosting conferences, and holding dozens of public events and lectures each year. PREPARING TEACHERS: Unique among think tanks, FPRI offers professional development for high school teachers through its Madeleine and W.W. Keen Butcher History Institute, a series of intensive weekend-long conferences on selected topics in U.S. and world history and international relations. These nationally known programs equip educators to bring lessons of a new richness to students across the nation. TRAINING THE NEXT GENERATION: At FPRI, we are proud to have played a role in providing students – whether in high school, college, or graduate school – with a start in the fields of international relations, policy analysis, and public service. Summer interns – and interns throughout the year – gain experience in research, editing, writing, public speaking, and critical thinking. OFFERING IDEAS: We count among our ranks over 120 affiliated scholars located throughout the nation and the world. They are open-minded, ruthlessly honest, and proudly independent. In the past year, they have appeared in well over 100 different media venues- locally, nationally and internationally. THE RESILIENCY OF TURKEY-RUSSIA RELATIONS By: Selim Koru Selim Koru is a Black Sea Fellow in the Eurasia Program at the Foreign Policy Research Institute and an analyst at the Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey (TEPAV), where his research focuses on Turkish politics and foreign policy. Before TEPAV, he worked and interned at various media organizations. Koru holds a BA in History from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and an MA in International Relations and Economics from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). Executive Summary The Republic of Turkey and the Russian Federation are at odds over multiple issues, not least the Syrian Civil War, where they back warring proxies. Yet the two countries have bounced back from crises and are quickly deepening their relations. This paper will argue that this is due to the two countries’ relationship with the West, particularly the United States. Rather than concrete economic or strategic gain, it will highlight the importance of the Turkish leadership’s worldview as a force that brings the countries together. It will then discuss the limits of Turkey’s enchantment with Russia, arguing that enthusiasm is outweighing caution in Ankara. 5 Odd Bedfellows? a ceasefire that has so far stabilized a Relations between the Republic of highly volatile situation in Idlib province. Turkey and the Russian Federation over How is it possible that such strong bonds the past few years could provide material should grow amidst such volatility? How for a long shelf of spy thrillers. Russia are Turkish-Russian relations this robust? has significantly upgraded its military presence in the Black Sea, far outclassing Turkey’s fleet. It has invaded two of Turkey’s neighbors; annexed Crimea, “Like hot steel quenched in the home of the Turkic Tatar people; put water, our bilateral relationship sanctions on Turkey’s goods; and banned has hardened and strengthened its tourists from vacationing on Turkish beaches. For its part, Turkey has shot with every failed provocation.” down a Russian jet and saw a Russian President receP tayyiP erdoğan ambassador assassinated in the center of its capital. Most destabilizing of all, the two countries have backed opposing Erdoğan is eager to answer these questions sides in Syria’s long and bloody civil war. to anyone who will listen. “Praise be God, our relations have overcome these harsh Any one of those things could be enough tests,” he said while hosting Putin at the to cause a significant crisis in bilateral site of the Akkuyu Nuclear plant this relations. Some of them have. But April. “Like hot steel quenched in water, remarkably, the two countries have not our bilateral relationship has hardened only overcome these crises, but they and strengthened with every failed also have deepened their relationship. provocation.”2 Erdoğan didn’t have to Russia is scaling up economic ties specify who was doing the “provoking.” with Turkey, building Turkey’s nuclear In his narrative, Western countries are reactors, and selling it top-of-the-line bloodthirsty imperialists, jealous of defense equipment—despite protest Turkey’s meteoric rise. Russia, on the other from members of the North Atlantic hand, is a fellow victim of the Western- Treaty Organization (NATO). Trade took imposed world order, and increasingly, a hit when relations were tense, but is a steadfast friend in the fight against it. 1 quickly reassuming its upward trend. The This point is not a trivial one. In order countries are signing visa agreements, to understand how relations between and tourism is at all-time highs. Vladimir the Erdoğan and Putin governments are Putin and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan are so robust, one has to understand the working through their differences on Erdoğan government’s feelings towards Syria. The two leaders recently negotiated the West. 1 “Turkey becomes Russia’s 5th biggest trading partner in H1 2 Şahan, Fazlı. “Oyunun Kuralları Değişiyor [The Rules of 2018,” Daily Sabah, 8 August 2018, https://www.dailysabah. the Game are Changing],” Yeni Şafak, 4 April 2018, https:// com/economy/2018/08/08/turkey-becomes-russias-5th-big- www.yenisafak.com/gundem/oyunun-kurallari-degisi- gest-trading-partner-in-h1-2018. yor-3192649. 6 Foreign Policy Research Institute Figure 1: January – August 2018 cumulative sum, billion USD President Vladimir Putin and President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan launch the construction of the Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant in April 2018. (Source: kremlin/ru) 7 Cautious View of the West NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg meets with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey, Mevlut Cavusoglu April 2018. (Source: NATO) making European accession a cornerstone Turkey and Russia are not countries that of its policy. By the late 2000s, Putin had can take good relations for granted. The soured towards the West, and in 2007, tsars did more than a little to break up the he gave his famous speech at the Munich Ottoman Empire, and it was the territorial Security Conference on the transgressions ambitions of the Soviet Union that drove of the U.S.-led Western Alliance. modern Turkey towards a formal alliance “Independent legal norms are, as a matter with the West starting in World War of fact, coming increasingly closer to one II, and continuing with the Cold War. state’s legal system,” Putin said, “one Turkey’s membership in NATO meant that state and, of course, first and foremost it was hardwired into the West’s security the United States, has overstepped its infrastructure, most significantly as host national borders in every way. This is to American nuclear weapons. Though visible in the economic, political, cultural Ankara could be a prickly ally, it was and educational policies it imposes on reliably anti-Soviet throughout the Cold other nations. Well, who likes this? Who is War. happy about this?”4 Russian foreign policy has since been aimed at blunting NATO Since the early 2000s however, Turkey expansion, reasserting Russian influence, and Russia have gone through similar and undermining the political coherence phases in their relations with the West. In of the Western Alliance. his first term, Putin often spoke of Russia as a “European country” and “sharing European values.”3 Early Justice and Development Party (AK Party, or AKP) governments employed similar rhetoric, 3 İsaev, Andrey. “Jeopolitik Kavşakta Rusya [Russia at 4 “Putin’s Prepared Remarks at 43rd Munich Conference on Geopolitical Crossroads],” GazeteDuvar, 22 August 2017, Security Policy,” Washington Post, 12 February 2007, https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/yazarlar/2017/08/22/jeopo- http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/arti- litik-kavsakta-rusya/. cle/2007/02/12/AR2007021200555.html. 8 Foreign Policy Research Institute Turkey’s Western Disenchantment Erdoğan’s first major disappointment with the West remains somewhat underreported. It came in 2010 when Brazil and Turkey arranged for a nuclear deal with Iran. This deal was meant to prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons while allowing the peaceful production of nuclear energy. During a visit to Washington, D.C., Erdoğan said the agreement was about “resolving this issue between Iran and Western countries.”5 Turkey here would be an entity of its own, friendly to the West but separate from it, Fetullah Gülen at his Pennsylvania residence. going out and solving a problem nobody (Source: Radio Free Europe) else had been able to.