Department of Archaeology and Social Anthropology We are waiting for Behar A study of kinship and reciprocity as mechanisms for cooperation in Albania — Bulent Dogani Master’s thesis in Social Anthropology November, 2016 Acknowledgment First, I want to thank Marius Warg Næss for his support throughout this process. Thank you for taking the time and patience to guide me. You have given me motivation and hope during this entire journey. You are a friend and co-supervisor without equal and I will forever be in your debt. I also want to thank my supervisor Jon Schackt for all your advice and comments during the planning and writing of this thesis. Lastly, to my family and friends, who have endured my constant frustration and nagging. Thank you for believing in me and given me the support to that made this possible. Bulent Dogani Tromsø, 2016 Abstract This thesis demonstrates how regional differences, have contributed to the development of two cooperating strategies for the purpose of increasing economic resources. By utilizing mechanism such as kinship and reciprocity, the local have developed different networks throughout the town in order to take advantage of summer tourism. Table of Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The field .................................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Tourism and the division of winter and summer ..................................................................... 4 1.3 Kinship and Reciprocity .......................................................................................................... 7 2 Albania............................................................................................................................................ 9 2.1.1 Old history and the Albanian identity ........................................................................... 10 2.1.2 Communism (1945-1991) ............................................................................................. 11 2.1.3 Democratization and the proses of a modern state (1991-1997) ................................... 15 2.1.4 Inner turmoil .................................................................................................................. 15 2.1.5 Modern Albania (1997-) ................................................................................................ 17 2.2 The County of Vlorë .............................................................................................................. 18 2.2.1 Saranda .......................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Ksamil ........................................................................................................................... 20 3 Theoretical framework and Definition of Key Terms .................................................................. 27 3.1 Cooperation ........................................................................................................................... 28 3.2 Kinship .................................................................................................................................. 30 3.3 Reciprocity ............................................................................................................................ 32 4 Access and Methodology .............................................................................................................. 37 4.1 Document analysis ................................................................................................................ 39 4.2 Key informants ...................................................................................................................... 40 4.3 Gatekeepers ........................................................................................................................... 42 4.4 Interviews .............................................................................................................................. 45 5 The Old and the New .................................................................................................................... 49 5.1 The Gheg and the Tosk ......................................................................................................... 51 5.2 Family Organization .............................................................................................................. 52 6 Vëllazëri and Exchange ................................................................................................................ 57 6.1 The Fis of the North .............................................................................................................. 57 6.1.1 The Daci and their network ........................................................................................... 58 6.1.2 Kinship as a mechanism for cooperation ....................................................................... 64 6.2 The Fis of the South .............................................................................................................. 70 6.2.1 Reciprocity as a mechanism for cooperation ................................................................. 77 7 Cooperation, Signal and Status ..................................................................................................... 83 8 References: ................................................................................................................................... 89 Appendix A Butrint ............................................................................................................................... 92 List of Tables, Figures and Images Figure 1 A local beach in Ksamil ............................................................................................................ 1 Figure 2 Street seller aimed at the tourists .............................................................................................. 6 Figure 3 Map of Albania ......................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 4 Albanian speakers in Europe .................................................................................................. 10 Figure 5 Skanderbeg .............................................................................................................................. 11 Figure 6 The different counties of Albania ........................................................................................... 18 Figure 7 Saranda and Ksamil ................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 8 Ksamil ..................................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 9 Ksamil. The red and blue dots representing the centers .......................................................... 21 Figure 10 Room ..................................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 11 The Flying Dolphin ............................................................................................................... 23 Figure 12 Local staff ............................................................................................................................. 23 Figure 13 Beach .................................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 14 Restaurant at night ................................................................................................................ 25 Figure 15 Bus ........................................................................................................................................ 37 Figure 16 helping were I could. ............................................................................................................. 41 Figure 17 the new bakery of Argjend .................................................................................................... 41 Figure 18.Map of the distribution of the different Albanian dialects. ................................................... 51 Figure 19 Northern Kinship Organization ............................................................................................. 53 Figure 20 Kinship structure among the Tosk ........................................................................................ 54 Figure 21 Sheshi I Miqësies, Drawing by me ....................................................................................... 58 Figure 22 The nuclear family Haxhi ..................................................................................................... 58 Figure 23 The Daci Brotherhood ........................................................................................................... 59 Figure 24 The Kafebar of Haxhi ........................................................................................................... 59 Figure 25 The Marku Brotherhood ....................................................................................................... 61 Figure 26 Decision-making Gheg ......................................................................................................... 62 Figure 27