Statue of Imhotep (commons.wikimedia.org) Ebers Papyrus from National Library of Medicine https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0058411.html (commons.wikimedia.org) Figures Rosetta Stone Jean-François Champollion James Henry Breasted Pharaoh Menes Saqqara/Sakkara Step Pyramid Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza Tuthmosis III Akhenaton Figures Gameboard Furniture Hathor Horus Eye Hatshepsut Funerary amulets Moses Scepter Figures Hieroglyphic Alphabet Scarabs Onion Papyrus Scribe Figures Nefertiti Akhenaten, left, and Nefertiti reveling in the attention of the their daughters and the rays of the sun god Aten Punt Ideal body type Isis and Osiris Figures Thot Osiris Sekhment The Weighing of the Heart from the Book of the Dead of Ani. At left, Ani and his wife Tutu enter the assemblage of gods. At center, Anubis weighs Ani's heart against the feather of Maat, observed by the goddesses Renenutet and Meshkenet, the god Shay, and Ani's own ba. At right, the monster Ammut, who will devour Ani's soul if he is unworthy, awaits the verdict, while the god Thoth prepares to record it. At top are gods acting as judges: Hu and Sia, Hathor, Horus, Isis and Nephthys, Nut, Geb, Tefnut, Shu, Atum, and Ra-Horakhty. (artwork created c. 1300 BC) Photographed by the British Museum, published 2001 (commons.wikimedia.org) Paleopathology Figures Vertebrae from a skeleton of the 3rd Dynasty showing spondylitis deformans (commons.wikimedia.org) https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/M0017178.html ibrahim m. eltorai, md, facs, 2015 | 161 (commons.wikimedia.org) · Full Bibliographic Record: http://catalogue.wellcomelibrary.org/record=b1080628 160 | ancient egyptian cardiovascular medicine Paleopathology Figures 162 | ancient egyptian cardiovascular medicine Head of mummy of pharaoh Seti I By G. Elliot Smith - http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/cgi- bin/eos/eos_page.pl?DPI=300&callnum=DT57.C2_vol59&object=166 (edited in GIMP), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9555590 ibrahim m. eltorai, md, facs, 2015 | 163 Paleopathology Figures 164 | ancient egyptian cardiovascular medicine By https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/obf_images/a1/a4/4c4da881bc939281398a51429f74.jpgGallery: https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/L0014712.htmlWellcome Collection gallery (2018-03-30): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/k7hmwsab CC-BY-4.0, CC BY 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35971367 ibrahim m. eltorai, md, facs, 2015 | 165 Portrait of Sir Marc Amand Ruffer (commons.wikimedia.org) https://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/M0008827.html 166 | ancient egyptian cardiovascular medicine Plate III 1 – Pelvic and arteries of thigh completely calcified (XVIII – XX Dyn.). 2 – Completely calcified profunda artery after soaking in glycerin. (XXI Dyn.). 3 – Partly calcified aorta. (XVII Dyn.). 4 – Calcified patches in aorta (XVII Dyn.). 5 – Calcified atheromatous ulcer of subclavian artery (XVIII – XX Dyn.). 6 – Patch of atheroma in anterior tibial artery (glycerin), the center of the patch is calcified. (XXI Dyn.). 7 – Atheroma of brachial artery (glycerin). (XXI Dyn.). 8 – Unopened ulnar artery atheromatous patch shining through (glycerin). (XXI Dyn.). Plate IV 9 – Calcified posterior peroneal artery. van Gieson. a, a1, a2 = remnants of endoth. and fenestrated membrane. b = calcified patches. 10 – Calcified ulnar artery a & d = calcified patches. b = partially calcified muscularis. c = annular muscle fibre. Plate V 11 – Atheromatous anterior tibial. a = remains of endothelium. b = fenestrated membrane. c = mus- cularis. d – f = membrane undergoing degeneration. e = completely degenerated remnant muscu- laris. 12 – Atheromatous patch of ulnar artery 13 – Edge of atheromatous patch. Hematoxylin (Leitz 1, XIX/12). a – ? Leucocyte. The atheroma- tous part on the left stains intensely dark with hematoxylin. ibrahim m. eltorai, md, facs, 2015 | 167 168 | ancient egyptian cardiovascular medicine ibrahim m. eltorai, md, facs, 2015 | 169 170 | ancient egyptian cardiovascular medicine .