KIPA Case Study Series 4 www.kipa.re.kr Korean Cases in Public Administration for Training and Practice : Cases in Citizen-Centered and Collaborative Governance Vol. KOREA INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION KOREAN Chapter CASES IN PUBLIC 1 ADMINISTRATION · 7 FOR TRAINING AND Introduction - M. Jae Moon PRACTICE Chapter 2 Citizen Participation in Local CONTENTS Governance: The Case of Seoul’s Participatory Budgeting System · 15 - Sun Young Kim 16 Introduction 17 Background 19 ‌Adoption of the Participatory Budgeting System 19 Implementation 24 Challenges 28 Remaining Tasks 29 Teaching Note Chapter 3 Working with Local Residents in Collaborative Arrangements: A Case Study of Urban Revitalization Vol. 4 Project by Seoul Metropolitan Cases in Citizen-Centered Government in South Korea · 35 and Collaborative Governance - David Lee 36 Overview 90 Introduction 39 Urban Revitalization 2025 91 ‌The U-City Project in Songdo, 44 The Changsin-Soongin Project Korea: History of Shift or Failure 51 ‌The Future of Urban Revitalization 2025 95 ‌Can a Smart City Become Smarter 53 Teaching Note Through Citizen Participation? Lessons from Songdo 97 ‌Smart Participation for a Smart City: Success Stories from Around the Globe Chapter 106 Teaching Note 4 Building an Urban Forest through Public-Private-Partnerships: A Case of Seoul Forest Park · 61 Chapter - Sanghee Park 6 62 Overview Revisiting the Government Project 63 ‌Initiated by the Private, Supported Creating Jobs for the Elderly in South by the Public Korea: The Case of Chuncheon · 115 66 ‌Shared Vision, Disagreements on Particulars - Myungjung “MJ” Kwon 71 ‌The Changing Role of the Seoul 116 Case Study Green Trust 116 ‌Part A 74 Teaching Note · Challenges · Fiscal Issues · Inconsistent Eligibility and Screening Processes · On-the-Job Accidents Chapter · Lack of Job Opportunities 5 122 ‌Part B From Smart to Smarter with Citizen · Three Strategies Participation: Lessons from Songdo · The Present Status of the Program U-City Project · 89 126 Teaching Note - Dohyeong Kim Foreword It is well known that the outstanding ‘government administration’ system and bureaucrats play a key role in Korea’s remarkable political and social development. Korea’s development experience after the Korean War is often cited as an exemplary textbook not only in developing countries but also in the developed countries. The purpose of this book is to develop, share, and spread as a module the best administrative system and policy cases of Korea, which can be used as a reference for both domestic and foreign governments and public institutions to improve their administrative capacity. If the existing development policy case modularization project is only theoretical, academic and normative discussion, this modularization project is differentiated in that it has a purpose to develop with emphasis on practical implications and applicability in the policy field. In order to achieve the aforementioned goals, the Center for International Development and Cooperation, at the Korea Institute of Public Administration published ‘Korean Cases in Public Administration for Training and Practices: Overcoming Uncertainties and Obstacles’ in 2018, focusing on lessons learned from policy failures, following the publication of ‘Korean Cases in Public Administration for Training and Practices for Administrative Training and Practice’ in 2017. The common theme of this year’s policy case studies, which is the third year of the modularization project, is a ‘Public Participation in Policymaking Processes ’. Five selected cases care written to examine the roles of citizens and private sectors in policymaking processes in various policy areas including public budgeting, urban revitalization, urban forest building project, U-City project, and job creation programs for the elderly. The selected case studies were prepared by five faculty members who are currently teaching in either public administration or public policy in the U.S. Additional teaching notes are offered as a teaching guideline to those who use the selected cases for their training or academic courses. As in previous studies, good policy cases will be rigorously reviewed and uploaded to ‘Electronic Hallway’ at the University of Washington at Seattle, U.S. for sharing among policy practitioners, academia professionals, and students studying public administration and policy around the world. Hopefully, the case studies of public participation in government innovation will be useful for domestic and foreign policy practitioners as well as academic researchers. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Hyeon-Suk Lyu, Director of Center for International Development and Cooperation for organizing this project. Many thanks and appreciation also go to this project leader, Professor M.J. Moon of Yonsei University and the professors who wrote each case study. December 2019 Seongho Ahn President, Korea Institute of Public Administration CHAPTER 1 Introduction KOREA INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Chapter 1 Introduction M. Jae Moon · Yonsei University Chapter 1 - Chapter This is a collection of case studies that highlight the government’s efforts to integrate citizens into policy-making processes as policy targets as well as participants. This means that citizens have become increasingly important not as “policy-takers” Introduction but as policymakers via active participation in policy-making processes. The recent literature on co-production has placed a growing emphasis on the role of citizens in various stages of public policy formulation, including agenda-setting, decision-making, implementation, evaluation, and so on. Considering that previous case studies often highlight the role of government officials, the selected cases have been included to highlight the roles of citizens and the private sector in policy-making processes in various areas including public budgeting, urban revitalization policies, the U-City project, and job-creation programs for the elderly. We believe that the selected cases offer great practical insights to those wishing to strategically and proactively cope with the need for citizen participation and citizen- centered public policy and administration. The selected case studies were prepared by five faculty members who are currently teaching in the fields of either public administration or public policy in the U.S. Additional teaching notes are offered as a guideline to those who wish to use the selected cases in their training or academic courses. As indicated in the following table, the five cases presented here represent a handful of areas, including e-government, inter-agency collaboration, conflict management, regulatory reform, and human resource management (either at the local or national level). 8 Korean Cases in Public Administration for Training and Practice Authors Title Citizen Participation in Local Governance: The Case of Seoul ’s Sun Young Kim Participatory Budgeting System Working with Local Residents in Collaborative Arrangements: A Case David Lee Study of Urban Revitalization Project by Seoul Metropolitan Government in South Korea Building an Urban Forest through Public-Private Partnerships: A Case of Sanghee Park Seoul Forest Park From Smart to Smarter with Citizen Participation: Lessons from Songdo Dohyeong Kim U-City Project Revisiting the Government Project Creating jobs for the Elderly in South Myungjung Kwon Case Study KIPA Korea: The Case of Chuncheon Series 4 The first case study, by Sun Young Kim, is entitled “Citizen Participation in Local Governance: The Case of Seoul’s Participatory Budgeting System.” In the early 2010s, the Seoul Metropolitan Government introduced the Participatory Budgeting System as a means of better reflecting citizens’ preferences and priorities in the city’s budgeting process. Prior to the implementation of this system, budgeting and fiscal management of the government had been carried out in a top-down manner in which decisions were made mostly by a small group of city officials and experts. With the adoption of the Participatory Budgeting System, however, Seoul citizens gained the ability to propose, evaluate, and decide how to allocate a portion of the city’s annual budget. While the system contributed to increased local autonomy and fiscal democracy to some extent, it also suffered from several problems, such as the limited representation and expertise of citizens, intense competition among communities, and conflicts between citizens and administrators. This case study describes the background and implementation process of the Participatory Budgeting System by focusing on the efforts to enhance citizen participation in government affairs. The objective of the case study is to help students identify and analyze potential problems and challenges associated with this system and generate practical recommendations for resolving such difficulties. By successfully Vol. 4 : : Cases in Citizen-Centered and Collaborative Governance 9 completing this case study, students should be able to comprehend both the benefits and drawbacks of engaging citizens in the budgeting process, specifically, and city administration, in general. In addition, students should be expected to critically assess the effectiveness of the Participatory Budgeting System in terms of key public values, such as transparency, accountability, representation, participation, and democracy. The second case, written by David Lee, is entitled “Working with Local Residents in Collaborative Arrangements: A Case Study of Urban Revitalization