FINAL ARMORY HISTORIC CONTEXT ARMY NATIONAL GUARD NATIONAL GUARD BUREAU June 2008 FINAL HISTORIC CONTEXT STUDY Prepared for: Army National Guard Washington, DC Prepared by: Burns & McDonnell Engineering Company, Inc Engineers-Architects-Consultants Kansas City, Missouri And Architectural and Historical Research, LLC Kansas City, Missouri Below is the Disclaimer which accompanied the historic context when submitted to the NGB in draft form in 2005. Due to reorganization of the document prior to its finalization, the section in which Burns & McDonnell references below has been changed and is now Section II of the document, which is written in its entirety by Ms. Renee Hilton, Historical Services Division, Office of Public Affairs &Strategic Communications, National Guard Bureau. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND, AND METHODOLOGY ........................... 1-1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 BACKGROUND............................................................................................. 1-1 1.3 SURVEY BOUNDARIES AND RESOURCES ............................................... 1-2 1.4 SURVEY OBJECTIVES................................................................................. 1-2 1.5 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................... 1-3 1.6 REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS.............................................................. 1-4 1.7 HISTORIC INTEGRITY ................................................................................. 1-5 1.8 HISTORIC CONTEXT ................................................................................... 1-5 2.0 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ARMY NATIONAL GUARD................................ 2-1 2.1 COLONIAL BEGINNINGS............................................................................. 2-1 2.2 THE WAR OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE............................................... 2-4 2.3 THE YOUNG REPUBLIC .............................................................................. 2-6 2.4 THE RISE OF THE VOLUNTEER MILITIA.................................................... 2-9 2.5 THE CIVIL WAR .......................................................................................... 2-11 2.6 RECONSTRUCTION AND THE REVIVAL OF THE MILITIA ...................... 2-13 2.7 THE SPANISH – AMERICAN WAR ............................................................ 2-16 2.8 REFORM AND THE BEGINNINGS OF FREEDOM .................................... 2-18 2.9 THE NATIONAL DEFENSE ACT OF 1916.................................................. 2-20 2.10 TROUBLE ON THE MEXICAN BORDER.................................................... 2-21 2.11 THE NATIONAL GUARD IN WORLD WAR I .............................................. 2-21 2.12 THE YEARS BETWEEN THE WARS.......................................................... 2-23 2.13 MOBILIZATION FOR WORLD WAR II ........................................................ 2-25 2.14 THE BIG WAR............................................................................................. 2-26 2.15 THE BIRTH OF THE ATOMIC AGE ............................................................ 2-28 2.16 THE KOREAN WAR.................................................................................... 2-29 2.17 THE HEIGHT OF THE COLD WAR ............................................................ 2-30 2.18 WAR IN SOUTHEAST ASIA........................................................................ 2-32 2.19 THE END OF THE DRAFT.......................................................................... 2-32 2.20 THE GUARD INTEGRATES........................................................................ 2-33 2.21 AM ENDURING AMERICAN INSTITUTION................................................ 2-35 3.0 GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW: STATE BY STATE HISTORY OF THE ARMY NATIONAL GUARD .............................................................................. 3-1 3.1 ALABAMA...................................................................................................... 3-2 3.2 ALASKA......................................................................................................... 3-4 3.3 CALIFORNIA ................................................................................................. 3-5 3.4 KANSAS ........................................................................................................ 3-7 3.5 MASSACHUSETTS....................................................................................... 3-7 3.6 MISSISSIPPI ................................................................................................. 3-9 3.7 NEW YORK................................................................................................. 3-11 3.8 NORTH CAROLINA .................................................................................... 3-12 3.9 OKLAHOMA ................................................................................................ 3-14 3.10 PENNSYLVANIA ......................................................................................... 3-15 3.11 SOUTH CAROLINA..................................................................................... 3-16 3.12 TENNESSEE............................................................................................... 3-19 3.13 TEXAS......................................................................................................... 3-21 3.14 REGIONALISM............................................................................................ 3-23 4.0 ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW OF ARMY NATIONAL GUARD ARMORIES....................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 4-1 4.2 PRE-CIVIL WAR (PRIOR TO 1861) .............................................................. 4-1 4.3 POST-CIVIL WAR ERA: 1866-1910.............................................................. 4-4 4.4 1910-1932 ................................................................................................... 4-12 4.5 NEW DEAL ERA: 1933-1942 ...................................................................... 4-17 4.6 COLD WAR ERA: 1946-1989...................................................................... 4-22 5.0 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................. 5-1 6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................... 6-1 APPENDIX A INVENTORY FORMS 1.0 INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND, AND METHODOLOGY 1.1 INTRODUCTION This Historic Context Study provides an overall historic look at the Army National Guard (ARNG), presents an evaluation of ARNG events that occurred within geographic areas and specific states, defines and categorizes property types and architectural styles, and discusses the work of known and significant architects who contributed to the construction of ARNG armories nationwide. In order to address these topics, the study is divided into four sections. Section I: Introduction, Background, and Methodology Section II: A Brief History of the Army National Guard Section III: Geographic Overview: Selected State History of the Army National Guard Section IV: Architectural Overview of Army National Guard Armories Section V: Bibliography Section II provides a general history of the ARNG from the Colonial Period through the present day and is excerpted from A Brief History of the Militia and National Guard (Hylton and Wright 1993). Section III presents a brief history of the ARNG in each state in which armories were visited in the field during the research and fieldwork associated with the creation of this historic context. The level of historic detail available for the study of the ARNG within each state is somewhat varied. Section IV provides an architectural overview of the armory designs prevalent throughout the history of the ARNG, and a list of architects or master craftsmen involved in the construction of the armories for each period. The term “armories,” used throughout this report, refers to facilities currently called “Readiness Centers” by the ARNG. “Armory” is used to avoid confusion for the reader, since many of the quotes provided in this context use this term. Appendix A contains individual inventory forms for those extant armories (armories currently in existence and owned by the ARNG) that were visited as part of this project. These generic forms were created by Architectural and Historical Research (AHR), LLC, for the sole purpose of this report; each ARNG state Cultural Resource Manager (CRM) and State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) was given the opportunity to review the contents of the form. 1.2 BACKGROUND Concurrent to the development of this historic context, the ARNG was currently developing a Nationwide Programmatic Agreement (PA) for armories located in all states, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and the District of Columbia. The purpose of the Nationwide PA is to streamline and standardize National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), Section 106 compliance in accordance with 36 CFR 800.14(b). The Nationwide 1-1 Army National Guard PA will cover the maintenance and treatment, rehabilitation, renovation, and mothballing of armories. Burns and McDonnell (B&McD), the prime consultant for the project, retained AHR, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri, to prepare this