CuFFent Cammamts” EUGENE GARFIELD INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION* 3501 MARK ET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 191C4 JoursIal Citation Studies. 46. Physical Chemistry aml Chemical Physics Journals. Part 1. Historical Background and Global Maps Number 1 January 6, 1986 This is the 46th in a series of journal ci- will then concentrate on the 31 physical tation analyses reported in Current Con- chemistry/chemical physics journals tenfs” {C(P) over the past two decades. listed in Table 1. It is my ambition to eventually round out these studies so that we can provide a Hf.wory successor to the monograph known to college and research librarians the world Physical chemistry began as the study over as Brown’s Scientific .$eriak. I Of of the “physical” properties of chemical course, the Science Citation Index” substances. Many of these properties (SCP ) and its annual volumes of the were discovered in the nineteenth cen- Journal Citation Report@ (JCP ) are tury. For example, in the early 1800s far more detailed tools for collection Humphry Davy (UK) and Jons Jakob managers. But the very brevity of Berzelius (Sweden) demonstrated for Brown’s analysis has a special virtue that the first time the electrical nature of we hope to emulate by updating and ex- chemical affinity, the relationship be- panding the brief reports we published tween substances that causes them to earlier in Science2 and Nuture.3 combined (p. 8-9) It was Hermann Kopp In this three-part journal study, we fo- (Germany), however, who made the first cus on 31 periodicals from physical real effort, in 1840, to measure the prop- chemistry and chemical physics, two dis- erties of chemical substances while cor- ciplines that today are inextricably relating these qualities with chemical linked. However, this was not always the composition. For example, he tested case, as we shall see in the dkcussion substances at different temperatures and that follows. In this essay we will cover measured their resulting changes in vol- the general history and development of ume; his studies on ice were so precise the two fields as well as some of their that they are stilf valid todays (p. 392) current concerns. The latter were identi- In the mid-nineteenth century, Jean fied by examining LSI@’s 1983 research- Baptiste AndrF Dumas (France) ad- front data. Keep in mind that the histori- vanced the first theory of chemical cal section in this essay must necessarily types, a classification of “parent” com- be limited to a broad overview of the two pounds together with their substituted fields. Entire books have already been derivatives if both share the same funda- written on these subjects. But it is im- mental chemical properties.’l (p. 427) portant that we review these develop- Shortly thereafter, in 1869, Dmitri Men- ments here in order to provide an under- deleev (Russia), J. Lothar Meyer (Ger- standing of the present interrelationship many), and John Alexander Reina New- between physical chemistry and chemi- Iands (UK) independently developed cal physics. Parts 2 and 3 of our study similar versions of the periodic law that 1 Table I: Core physical chemistry chemical physics the rather obscure Transactions of the journals indexed by the SCF in 1983. Connecticut Academy and [was] over- Annual Review of Physical Chemistry looked for 20 years. ”~ (p. 319) A classic Berichte der Bunsen-Gesefl\chaft fur case of delayed recognition, this Physikalische Chemie 321-page paper, “On the equilibrium of Chemical Physics Chemical Physics Letters heterogeneous substances, ”lo “was only Faraday Discussions of the Chemical Sociely slowly recognized for its significance. Intematicmal Journal of Chemicaf Kine!ic$ Because of its abstract mathematical International Journal of Quantum Chemistry Journal of Catalysis treatment and austere style, American Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data physicists and chemists were unable to Journal of Chemical Physics master its import. ”~ (p. 405) Once Gibbs Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics Journal of CoOoid and Interface Science was rediscovered he became an impor- Journal of Computational Chemist~ tant figure. The two parts of his classic lournal of Magnetic Rewnance have been co-cited in hundreds of pa- Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy Journal of Molecular Structure pers. Over 40 of these cites involve arti- Journal of Photochemistry cles published in the last few years. Fig- Journal of Physical Chemistry ure 1 is a graph of this paper’s citation Journal of Solution Chemistry Journal of the Chemical Society —Fmaday history from 1955 to 1984. Transactions I Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany), Jacobus Journal of the Chemicaf Society-Faraday H. van’t Hoff (Holland), and Svante Au- Transactions 11 gust Arrhenius (Sweden) organized the Joumalof the Chemical Society-Perkin Transactions 11 physical laws of chemical phenomena Kinetics and Catalysi$—Engfi\h Trandatl(m into one field and established Zei/.whrift Molecular Physics fur Physikalische Chemie in 1887.5 Photochemistry and PhotobiAogv Radiation Physics and Chemistry (p. 391); “ (p. 216); ‘1 The publication of Surface Science this journal is considered the beginning THEOCHEM—Journal of Molecular Structure of physical chemistry as a formal branch Theoretica Ch\mica Acva Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie—Leip/lg of chemistry. ]I The first volume of the Zhurnal Fi?icheskoi Khmii new journal published Arrhenius’s theo- ry of ionization that in part stated that states that the properties of elements are ions form when a salt dissolves in water. ~ functions of their atomic weights. From (p. 413-5) Not surprisingly, the journal this law Mendeleev created the periodic that these three researchers founded is table of elements of which an enlarged part of the core group of journals in this version is still used today. ~ (p. 317-8): 6 three-part study. (See Table 1.) It will be In the 1870s Josiah Willard Gibbs, discussed in more detail in Part 2. then at Yale University, used the term Physical chemistry continued to ma- “phases” for the homogeneous strata of ture in the early 1900s. Transactions of chemical substances. Phases (such as the Ihraday Society, the precursor to solids, liquids, and gases) are Lniform in the Journal of the Chemical Society— both composition and physical state. Faraday Transactions I and 11, was Gibbs then formulated the “rule of founded in 1905 during this period in phases” according to their dependence which physical chemistry and chemical on physical conditions such as pressure physics were established as serious sub- and temperature. This rule states that jects. 11General Discussions of the Fara- when a substance is in equilibrium, the day .Socie/y also began around this time sum of its phases and of possible varia- (1907) as a part of the Transactions. To- tions of phases which can occur within it day it is known as Faraday Discussions o{ is always equal to three.7 (p. 217-8); ~ the Chemical .Sociery (see Table 1), al- (p. 319-20): 9 The rule “was published in though for 25 years ( 1947-1972) it was 2 Figure 1: Chronologic distribution of 1955-1984 SCf’ citations to J.W. Gibbs’s two-part article, “On the equilibrium of heterogeneous substances. ” 0 -u 55 60 65 70 75 80 YEARS Tabfe 2: The 1983 SC~ research-front specialties that include at least 103 citing documents published in core physical chemistry (chemical physics journals. A = research-front number. B = title. C = number of core physical chemistry lchemical physics journals (hat cite (he research froni. D = number of 1983 ar- ticles from these core journals that cite the research front. A B CD 83-0023 Phase equilibria and thermodynamics of hard-sphere fluids and binary liquids 13 256 83-00s8 Surface analysis of metal alloys, hydrides, and semiconductors by Auger electron 13 191 spectroscopy and other techniques U3-(K)75 Processes of photoelectrochernical cells and applications to solar energy conversion 23 541 N3-fK)92 A h tnifio and other molecular-orbital calculations of force fields and electronic 21 783 structure of polyacetylene and polyatomic molecules 83-01 I 2 Kinetics of adsm-p(ion. resorption, and decomposition of alcohols and diatomic 7 150 molecules on a metal catalyst N3-() 185 Properties of chaotic and dynamic systems 9 152 83-0190 Theoretical studies of van der Waals interaction potentials IO 147 83-0202 Renormali7.ation group approach in gauge lheory of critical beha~ior and other 10 13Q properties of two-dimensional lattices 83-0282 Mechanism of the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide on supported metal catalysts; 7 120 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis 83-0291 Calculations of electronic structure, magnetism, and other properties of alloys II 132 N3-02W Vif’watmnal relaxation and dephasing in picosecond laser Raman and infrared Y 133 scattering u3-054- [ Iw of nuclear magnetic resonance in the analysis of protein and peptide structure Ih 269 Ns-ot407 Structure and physical properties of ice 14 113 3 Ffgure 2: The 1983 map for “Molecular-orbital calculations of electronic structure applied m organic synthesis and adsorption studies on catalys[ surf aces.” This map includes three research fronts from Table 2 IW2, U112. and #2821 Pmbcldelharbic(de snlemdes dlstnb.tuon and sdnnoxm+es 1132 aromallcly and K#k!J6% 01 hydrocarb.am \ A Gngnafd / Sstact(ve\ synthamand A-==--- ,mct,ons ofmammes &~Jo:; 184 metalswlaces 211 Silyt anal elk<% \ 137 / 519 1142 W transttii-mdal OWs.Aldw mm smtrum cafbonfl$ Cycloaddlhons Y-asymmemc svnlhesis m Abuts struclure dehrndnti!c!r usm~ C03!Q8!9!!05 Ianttwido shrll magfmt$ 274 Key 83-I.H392 Ah initio and other