Reproduction strategies of stony corals (Scleractinia) in an equatorial, Indonesian coral reef. Contributions for the reef- restoration Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften – Dr. rer. nat. – im Fachbereich 2 (Biologie/Chemie) der Universität Bremen vorgelegt von Sascha Bernd Carsten Romatzki angefertigt am Zentrum für Marine Tropenökologie Center for Tropical Marine Ecology Bremen 2008 Gutachter der Dissertation: 1. Gutachter: Prof. Claudio Richter 2. Gutachter: Dr. Andreas Kunzmann Mitglieder der Prüfungskommssion: 1. Prüfer: Prof. Kai Bischof 2. Prüfer: Dr. Uwe Krumme 1. weiteres Mitglied: Cornelia Roder 2. weiteres Mitglied: Anne Buhmann Tag des öffentlichen Kolloquiums: 30. Januar 2009 „So eine Arbeit wird eigentlich nie fertig, man muss sie für fertig erklären, wenn man nach Zeit und Umständen das Möglichste getan hat.“ (Goethe; zur Iphigenie, aus der Italienischen Reise 1786) List of Papers This thesis is based on the scientific publication listed below. The specific contributions of each of the authors in term of idea and concept development, data aquisition and analysis, as well as manuscript writing for the respective publication are indicated. Publication I Title: Determination of fine-scale temporal variation in acroporid and pocilloporid settlement in North Sulawesi, Indonesia Authors: S.B.C. Romatzki and A. Kunzmann Journal: Marine Ecology Progress Series (submitted) The original idea and concept of this publication was developed by S.B.C. Romatzki, who also independently conducted all of the fieldwork and sample processing. Data analyses were carried out by S.B.C. Romatzki with input by S. Schmidt-Roach. The manuscript was written by S.B.C. Romatzki, with revesions and improvement by A. Kunzmann. Publication II Title: Gametogenesis of four scleractinian corals in the Celebes Sea Authors: S.B.C. Romatzki and A. Kunzmann Journal: Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium (submitted) The original idea and concept of this publication was developed by S.B.C. Romatzki, who also independently conducted all of the fieldwork and sample processing. The manuscript was written by S.B.C. Romatzki, with revesions and improvement by A. Kunzmann. Publication III Title: Determining the influence of an electrical field on the performance of Acropora transplants: Comparison of various transplantation structures Author: S.B.C. Romatzki Journal: Journal of Experimental Marine Biology (submitted) The original idea and concept of this publication was developed by S.B.C. Romatzki, who also independently conducted all of the fieldwork and sample processing. The concept of experiment 3 in this publication was developed by S.B.C. Romatzki, S.C.A. Ferse and E. Borell. Data analy- ses were carried out by S.B.C. Romatzki with input by E. Borell. The manuscript was written by S.B.C. Romatzki, with revesions and improvement by M. Schmid, K. von Juterzenka and J.-H. Steffen. Content Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………….……….....I Summary…………………………………………………………………………….………..III Zusammenfassung…………………………………………………………………….……...VI Chapter 1 – Thesis Overview……………………………………………………….………....1 1. General Introduction…………………………………………………………….……….....3 1.1 Reproduction in scleractinian corals……………………………………….………..3 1.1.1 Asexual reproduction……………………………………………….……..3 1.1.2 Sexual reproduction……………………………………….…….………...4 1.1.3 Mass spawning…………………………………………………................4 1.1.4 Reproduction in high latitude vs equatorial reefs………………...............5 1.2 Reef restoration and reef rehabilitation……………..…………………….……..….6 1.2.1 Pros and cons……………………………………………………..………6 1.2.2 What is “restoration” and what is “rehabilitation” then……….…….….7 1.2.3 Old and new approaches………………………………………….……....7 1.2.4 Using of coral fragments………………………………………….……....9 1.3 Aims of the thesis…………………………………………………………….……..9 2. General Material & Methods……………………………………………………….…….10 2.1 Study Area………………………………………………………………....….…...10 2.2 Settlement Tiles……………………………………………………………….…...11 2.3 In situ monitoring of reproduction status…………………………………….....…12 2.4 Histological preparation for examination of reproduction status……………….....13 2.5 Surface estimation and zooxanthella-count of coral fragments………………..….14 3. General Results & Discussion…………………………………………………………….14 3.1 Reproduction and settlement in equatorial reefs: continuous with seasonal peaks……………………………………………………………………….…..…14 3.2 Manipulation of coral longitudal growth enhancement……………………….......16 4. Concluding remarks………………………………………………………………….…....17 5. References………………………………………………………………………….………19 Chapter 2 – Paper I………………………………………………………………………….27 Determination of fine-scale temporal variation in acroporid and pocilloporid settlement in North Sulawesi, Indonesia Chapter 3 – Paper II………………………………………………………………………...50 Gametogenesis of four scleractinian corals in the Celebes Sea Chapter 4 – Paper III………………………………………………………………………..64 Determining the influence of an electrical field on the performance of Acropora transplants: Comparison of various transplantation structures Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………..92 Disclaimer…………………………………………………………………………………....94 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Prof. Matthias Wolff for agreeing to supervise this thesis in first place, but special thanks go to Prof. Claudio Richter, who took over the supervision in the very last minute due to a very tide time schedule. Thanks a lot to both for making the change so uncomplicated. I further would like to thank Dr. Andreas Kunzmann, who implemented the idea to conduct a PhD thesis in Indonesia and encouraged me to step into the unknown, for his guidance and criticism throughout the thesis. My deepest gratitude goes to some very special people in Manado for their generous sponsoring and support. Without their help I never would have been able to conduct this thesis: Thanks to Christiane Mueller from Froggies Divers who gave me shelter from the first day of my arrival, who showed me suitable sites for my project, who gave me my first lessons in Manado Culture and lifestyle. Not to forget the uncountable tank-fillings and meals. I also would like to thank Hanne Darbol and Gaspare Davi from Gangga Resort and Spa for their generous hospitality, their always warm and heartfelt welcome, their unlimited support, interest and open minds for new project ideas. Staying at your places was always a feeling of coming home with a touch of holiday. Thanks also to all the great staff of these wonderful resorts who always were very helpful. Special thanks to Sebastian Ferse, my roommate, dive buddy and colleague, who was often the only source of inspiration and scientific input. Despite many difficulties during all the time we spend together, I for sure wouldn’t have been able to conduct my project in Manado without him. Sebastian Schmidt – our MSc student, who came at the “right” time – I would like to thank a lot for many delicious pancakes…well and some other things of course – but they were not that important ;)…. Thanks also to Leyla Knittweis and in particular Esther Borell, for collective suffering and many encouraging phone calls. Further thanks are dedicated to Fontje Kaligis and family for taking care of me during the first weeks of my arrival and their help in getting my life organized in Manado. Prof. Eddy Tambajong for his generous lessons in histological technique and for letting me use his private laboratory. Tere and Mer from UNSRAT for their assistance with coral tissue preparation and histological sectioning. Thanks also to those people, who helped me at one point or another in Manado: Dr. Ineke Rumengan, who helped me with organizational issues at UNSRAT-University, Asci and Francesco for a relaxing time on their liverboard, Angelique & Paul from Murex and Jaakko from Living Colours for help in dive logistics as also Jan & Henriette Bebe for their European humor and Danish “friendliness”. I Following people from IPB I would like to thank: Totok Histirianato for excellent work and help with the Visa, Unggul Aktani for supervision, Neviaty Zamani and Pak Adi for the organization and use of the microscope camera. I further would like to thank the German community in Indonesia, starting with Harry Palm and family for their hospitality and Harry’s scientific advice, Karen von Juterzenka & Michael Schmidt for several weeks of accommodation, supporting words, the organization of a microscope, numerous corrections on the papers and their friendship, Jan-Henning Steffen for being a port in stormy seas and a second home during times in Jakarta, Landry Pramoedji and Lutz Kleeberg for letting me stay in their house for such a long time during the final steps of this thesis. I also would like to thank Eberhard Krain for being the knight in shining armor when help was most needed. Andrew Baird, Sangeeta Mangubhai and Nami Okubo gave many helpful comments, corrections and clarified questions regarding coral recruitment and histology. Thanks for your very prompt answers and provision of your papers. This study was supported by a PhD scholarship of the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service). I especially would like to thank Frau Krüger-Rechmann and Brigitte Gerlach for their support during the time of the scholorship. My Carol I would like to thank for accompanying me during bad and better times and many culinary experiences making the work on this thesis a whole lot easier. And last but not least my dear parents Helga & Paul Romatzki who gave me all the support on earth to fulfill my dream. Trotz der vielen freundlichen Hilfe und Unterstützung,