Hosts and Guests Revisited: Tourism Issues of the 21st Century Co-Edited by Valene L. Smith and Maryann Brent Department of Anthropology California State University Chico, CA 95929-0400,USA IUPUI UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 755 W. MICHIGAN STREET INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46202-5195 Hosts and Guests Revisited: Tourism Issues of the 21st Century Copyright © Cognizant Communication Corporation 2001 No pact of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without permission in writing from the publisher. The publisher and the publisher's agents represent that the data provided were formulated with a reasonable standard of care. Except for this representation, the publisher makes no representation or warranties, ex­ pressed or implied. Cognizant Communication Offices: U.S.A. 3 Hartsdale Road, Elmsford, New York 10523-3 701 Australia P.O. Box 352 Cammer<1y, NWS, 2062 . Japan c/o OBS T's Bldg. 3F, 1-38-11 Matsubara, Setagaya-ku,Tokyo library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hosts and guests revisited: tourism issues of the 21st century / coedited by Valene L. Smith and Maryann Brent. p. cm. (Tourism dynamics) Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN Hl82345-28-2 (Hard bound). - ISBN I-882345-29-0 (pbk.) I. Tourism. 2. Tourism - Social aspects. I. Smith, Valene L. II. Brent, Maryann, 1944- ll. Series. Gl55.Al H67 2001 338.4'791-dc21 § 2001042292 Printed in the United States ofAmerica Printing: I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO Year: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness, and many of our people need it sorely on these accounts. Broad, wholesome charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by vegetating in one little corner of the earth all one's lifetime. -Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad, 1869 Contents Preface xv Introduction 1 Valene L. Smith and Maryann Brent Anthropology and Tourism Indigenous Peoples and the Ethnographic Present The Study ofTourism Economic Growth and Impacts of Tourism "Tourism Needs More Respect":The Statistical Dimension WTO Tourism Satellite Accounts Economic Value Versus Sustainability SECTION 1: STONE AGE TO STAR TREK Chapter 1. Stone Age to Star Trek 15 Valene L. Smith Definitions ofTourism Tourism Elements Tourism Through Time Global Trends Summary Chapter 2. The Scientification of Tourism 28 ]afar Jafari Evolution of Thought on Tourism The Scientification ofTourism Training and Education The Awaiting Future Chapter 3. Secular Ritual: A General Theory of Tourism 42 Nelson H. H. Graburn Tourism: Rituals of Reversal Tourism, Ritual, and Time iii iv Contents The Structure of Ritual and Tourism Entries and Exits The Tourist Experience: Liminality and Communitas Variations on a Theme: Different Strokes for Different Folks Plus t,;a Change, Plus c'est la Meme Chose (The MoreThings Change, the More It's the Same Thing) SECTION 2: NATURE OF TOURISM Chapter 4. The Nature of Tourism 53 Valene L. Smith Tourist Motivations Research Interests Academic Motivational Research Tourist Classifications Tourism in Perspective Case Studies Chapter 5. Gambling Into the 21st Century 69 Charles R Urbanowicz Background Competition The Effect of Communication Technology Sources of Gambling Symptomatic of the Times? Meeting the Competitive Challenge: Las Vegas Conclusions Chapter 6. Pale Skin on Playa del Anywhere: Finnish Tourists in the Liminoid South 80 Tom Seliinniemi Playa del Ingles The Southbound Masses A Diary: Days in Playa del Ingles Ambiguous Places at Curious Times The Liminoid South Conclusions Chapter 7. Time and Space: Atlantic City in 1886 93 Maryann Brent Context Contents v Time: Atlantic City Heyday, 1886 Space: Selected Atlantic City Land Uses in 1886 Discussion Conclusion SECTION 3: CHANGES AND IMPACTS Chapter 8. Tourism Change' and Impacts 107 Valene L. Smith Tourism: Blessing or Blight? Tourist Culture: Bridging the Gap Between Resources and Consumer The 4 H's ofTourism: Habitat, History, Heritage, and Handicrafts Psychographics:The Five Generations Psychographic Evaluation:The Five Generations Looking Ahead Case Studies Chapter 9. Tourism on the Maya Periphery 122 Oriol Pi-Sunyer, R. Brooke Thomas, and Magali Daltabuit The Development of Quintana Roo Mexico and the Price of Progress Tourism Development in Yucatan The Maya and Marginality The Elements of Social Change Conclusions Chapter 10. Power and Ethnicity in "Paradise": Boracay, Philippines 141 Valene L. Smith Filipino Heritage Boracay:The Development of To'llrism Boracay Compared: 1986 and 1996 Power and Ethnicity Tourism Culture and the Prod'uct Life Cycle Conclusions Chapter 11. Wilderness Tourism in Zimbabwe 153 Robin Heath The Resource Base National Parks and SafariAreas Recreational Parks vi Contents Sanctuaries, Botanical Reserves, and Botanical Gardens The Growth of Foreign Tourism to Zimbabwe Tourism Within the Parks and Wildlife Estate Safari Operators and Professional Hunters Wildlife-Based Tourism Benefits for the Rural Economy Pricing Policies and Domestic Tourism Regional Development Conclusions Chapter 12. Pamukkale: Turkish Homestay Tourism 161 Anne Marie Van Broeck Background Methodology Perceptions of the Kaya Family The Entrepreneurial Spirit The Impact on Family Life The Social Position of Women Relationships Between Villagers and Female Tourists Community Bonds Declining Hospitality-Rising Commercialism Changes in Food, Clothing, and Lifestyle Elders and Tourism Tourism as the Cause of Observed Changes Conclusions Chapter 13. Tourism in the Fjords and Mountains of Western Norway 175 Roel Puijk Tourism in the 19th Century Host and Guest Relations Towards a NewTourist Structure Tourist-Related Activities Local Tourist Initiatives Tourism at Finse Conflicts Between Finse and Ulvik Conclusion SECTION 4: SUSTAINABILITY Chapter 14. Sustainability 187 Valene L. Smith Sustainable Tourism Contents vii The Historical Roots of Sustainability Task Forces and Guidelines The Challenge of Sustainability Other Industry Initiatives Ecotourism: Benefits and Costs Heritage Tourism Heritage and Authenticity Heritage Tourism and Indigenous Peoples Conclusion Case Studies Chapter 15. Tourism as a Protective Barrier for Old Order Amish and Mennonite Communities 201 Michael Fagence The Anabaptist Communities Tourism Interest in the Anabaptists Intrusion, Invasion, Exploitation Outcomes of Invasion, Intrusion, Exploitation The Focal Concentrations of Tourist Activity Tourism Planning to Provide Protection Conclusion Chapter 16. Tourism to the Anne Frank House 210 Rudi Hartmann New Challenges in the 1990s The Anne Frank House: From a "Secret Annex" to a Showcase Historic Site Visitors to the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam 1960-1998 Holocaust Memorials: Individual Experiences or Group Fates? Chapter 17. Ethnic Doll Ethics: Tourism Research in Southwest China 217 Margaret Byrne Swain Tourism and the Sani Yi in Yunnan, China Sani Handicraft Production Making Dolls Doll Makers Doll Issues Issues in Indigenous Tourist Arts Ethical Issues Conclusions viii Contents Chapter 18. Marine Tourism and Environmental Management on the Great Barrier Reef 232 Steven Parker Reef Tourism Management Tools Enforcement and Implementation Industry Self-Regulation Research Conclusion Chapter 19. Appropriate Tourism Impact Assessment: A Case Study of Kaniki Point Resort, Palawan, Philippines 242 William J Trousdale Tourism, Impacts, and the Developing World ImpactAssessment:Trends and Opportunities ATIA as a Practical Alternative Using an Active Approach The Kaniki Point Resort Case Study General Impacts and Regional Planning Enhancement, Mitigation, and Management Responses Conclusions Chapter 20. Sustainability and Pilgrimage Tourism in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal 257 Trevor H.B. Sofield Empowerment Pilgrimage Heritage and Social Identity The UNDP Partnership for Quality Tourism Program The Indigenous Newar Community of Kathmandu Vally Svayambhunath and Changu Narayan Institution Building at Svayambhunath Changu Narayan and the PQTP Decentralization and Dissonance at Changu Narayan SECTION 5: CULTURE BROKERS Chapter 21. The Culture Brokers 275 Valene L. Smith Marginal Men and Women The Culture Brokers Conclusion Contents ix Case Studies Chapter 22. Where Asia Wore a Smile: Lessons of Philippine Tourism Development 283 Linda Richter The Lessons of the Marcos Era: 1965-1986 Learning the Lessons, Picking up the Pieces: Tourism Policy in the Aquino and Ramos Administration Conclusions Chapter 23. Putting "Culture" Into Sustainable Tourism: Negotiating Tourism at Lake Balaton, Hungary 298 JM. Tim Wallace Definig Tourist Destinations: Guests Versus Hosts Negotiating a Definition of a Tourist Destination Lake Balaton:The Hungarian Sea Early History The Beginning of Balaton Tourism From the Adriatic sea to the Hungarian Sea Balaton From the 1980s The Ebb and Flow of Water Quality Issues in Balaton Tourism Tourism in the K.is-Balaton More Cracks in the Negotiation Conclusion: Processing and Sustaining Tourism Chapter 24. The Legend of Robin Hood: Myth, Inauthenticity, and Tourism Development in Nottingham, England 315 Myra Shackley The Legend of Robin Hood Myths and Heritage Tourism Nottingham and Robin Hood Does Authenticity Matter? Chapter 25. European Union Cross-Border Cooperation: A New Tourism Dimension 323 Friedrich M. Zimmermann The Research Team European Union Regional Policy and Tourism Development The Historical Dimension of the Three Borders Area Tourism Attractions Focusing on Culture and