Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89616-0 — Climate Analysis Chester F. Ropelewski , Phillip A. Arkin Index More Information Index AAO. See Antarctic Oscillation AMIP. Section 11.5.1 Accuracy, 12, 55, 128, 133 AMOC, 100, 102, 113 buoys vs ship SST, 171 Analysis/forecast systems, 54, 59 datasets, in, 30 Annual Cycle, 8, 12–13, 28, 85, 293 model, in, 241 climate change, 104, 106 relative IR vs microwave satellite, 161 CO2, 11, 115 temperature observations, 128 equatorial Pacific SST, 268 Acidification Hadley circulation, 69 ocean, 120 land surface temperature, 85 impacts, 120 Mediterranean, 230 Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer, 196 numerical models, in, 235, 245 Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth precipitation, 66, 85, 160 Observing System sea ice AMSR-E, 196 Antarctic, 204 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, 216, Arctic, 203 221 sea level pressure, 79 Advection sea surface temperature, 82, 85 sea ice, 204 snow, 205 vorticity, 75 solar radiation, 52 Aerosols, 9, 22, 51, 122, 223 variance, 95, 101 in models, 236 vegetation, 213 NDVI observations, influence on, 222 velocity potential, 76 sst observations, influence on, 173 water budget, 224 volcanic, 112 Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), 94 Agents Arabian Sea, 73 biosphere, 7 Arctic Oscillation (AO), 94, 202 forcing, 1, 7 Argo Aircraft floats. Section 8.5.1.2 drones, 46 Asian Monsoon, 73, 76, 89 observations, 71, 130, 150, 195, 214 ASOS, 47, 128, 191, 193 Albedo, 5, 52 Assimilation, 50, 234 aerosols, 112 data, 27, 54 cloud, 226 Argo, 185 global analysis, of, 225 constrained models, 235 in radiation budgets, 226 ECMWF, 56 sea ice, 5 JMA, 56 snow, ice, 6, 14, 59, 111, 193, 201 NASA GMAO, 56 sulfate, 9 NASA MERRA, 57 vegetation, 10 NOAA CFSR, 57 Algorithm, 30, 50, 53, 151, 153, 158 precipitation, 58 precipitation estimates, 158, 160, 162–163 data constraints in climate models, 54 radiation budget, 242 Global Ocean Data Assimilation System verification, of, 242 (GODAS), 60 328 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89616-0 — Climate Analysis Chester F. Ropelewski , Phillip A. Arkin Index More Information Index 329 Land Data Assimilation Systems LDAS, 227–228 temperature radiances, 236 location change, 134 systems, 42, 48 trends, 140 Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. XBT See AMOC adjustments, 182 Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation descent-rate, 182 AMO, 101 Biome, 215 ATLAS buoys, 185 Biosphere, 7, 114 Atmospheric Model Inter-comparison Project, 175 Bjerknes, 95, 97, 187 Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Blocking, 91 Program, 220, 222 Blue Hill Observatory (BHO), 280 ARM Mobile Facilities (AMF), 223 Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS), Australasian Monsoon. See Asian Monsoon 228 Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM), 263 Boreal summer AVHRR. See Advanced Very High Resolution precipitation, 85 Radiometer Boundary conditions, 235 AWOS, 128, 281 in early climate models, 237 in reanalysis, 59 Balloon, 256 for regional models, 245 early observations, 44 Boundary layer, 59, 168, 185 instrumented. See radiosondes Brazilian National Institute of Space research pilot, 44 (INPE), 264 Barometer, 42 Breeze Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN), 222 land, 13, 212 Bathythermograph mountain/valley, 211 expendable sea, 13, 211 XBT, 182 British Antarctic Survey, 199 Beaufort Budget calculations, 37 sea, 202 residual, 37 wind scale, 71 Budget momentum, radiation, water, energy. Beaufort, Francis, 71 Section 2.5, Appendix D BHO. See Blue Hill Observatory Bulletin Bias, 45, 246–247 American Meteorological Society, 267 buoys Climate Diagnostics, 93, 258 ATLAS vs TRITON, 186 Weekly Weather and Crop, 221 corrections, 30, 134, 175 Buoy networks data, 27 PIRATA, 171 example, 33–34 RAMA, 171 instrument change TAO/TRITON, 171 example, 136 Buoys minimizing, 81 Global Drifter Program (GDP), 171 in models, 61 moored, 171 precipitation radar vs gage, 163 Cambrian, 111 satellite vs gage, 164 Canadian Meteorological Center, 275 satellite vs models, 165 Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), 166 reduction in climate monitoring, 280 Carbon cycle, 15, 213, 220 satellite Carbon dioxide, 9, 15, 51, 107, 115, 120, beam filling, 153 213, 259 precipitation, 162 Center for Satellite Applications and Research sea ice concentration, 197 (STAR), 259 sea surface temperature Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies adjustments, 174 (CPTEC) bucket, 170 Brazil, 276 corrections, 170 CESM satellite vs in situ, 82, 112, 170, 173 Community Earth System Model, 237 sunshine duration, 223 CFCs. See Chloroflourocarbon © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89616-0 — Climate Analysis Chester F. Ropelewski , Phillip A. Arkin Index More Information 330 Index Chloroflourcarbon CloudSat, 165 stratosphere precipitation estimates, 178 ozone depletion, 10 CMIP, 243–244 Chlorophyll, 156 CMORPH, 163–164, See CPC MORPHing ocean color, 179 Analysis plant, 221 COADS. See ICOADS CIIFIN. See International Center for the Investigation Coherent climate variations, 113 of El Niño in models, 121 Climate Anomaly Data Base (CADB), 253 Coherent patterns. See Modes Climate applications, 40, 159, 279 Cold cloud Climate Assessment, 267 frequency Climate change precipitation estimate, 150–151 abrupt, 124 Cold episodes, 98, 201 Climate Change Initiative Land Cover Project La Niña, 95 ESA, 216 Cold tongue, 82 Climate Data Guide Committee on Earth Observation Satellites, NCAR/UCAR, 38, 58 265 Climate Data Records, 255 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Climate Diagnostics Center, 258 Research Organization (CSIRO) – Climate Diagnostics Database (CDDB), 257 Australia, 263 Climate Diagnostics Workshop, 19 Components, 2 Climate Divisions, 137, 281 Contour maps, 40, 53 Climate enterprise, 281, Section 12.4.2 elevation, 214 Climate forecast Convection, 69, 122 history in the U.S., 265–267 diuranal, 13 history of, 41 Coordinating Group for Meteorological Satellites, Climate Forecast System 265 NCEP, 57, 259 Copernicus Climate Change Service, 262 NCEP v2, 57 Copernicus program, 278 Climate model Sentinel data satellites, 262 PCMDI, 25 Core Observatory diagnostics, Section 11.5 Global Precipitation Measurement, 155 simulations Core Research for Evolutional Science and constrained vs unconstrained, Section 11.2.2 Technology (CREST), 164 unconstrained, 235 Coriolis force, 67, 82 Climate models Correlation. See Appendix A as data sources, 17 Cotton region shelter, 128 Climate monitoring. See Chapter 12 Coupled climate models, 61, 181, Section 11.2.3 Climate Prediction Center, 25, 57 AMOC, 101 Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of assimilation of Argo data, 185 Precipitation (CMAP), 161 ENSO, 121 Climate records, 24 ocean-atmosphere-land, 227–228 proxy, 100, 110 Coupling, 3, 6, 17, 65 Climate services, 61, 263, 279–280 biological, chemical, 178 Climate Services Partnership (CSP), 265 ENSO, 95, 97 Climate shift, 101 Global Land-Atmosphere Coupling Experiment Climate system component, 3, 7 (GLACE), 228 in reanalysis, 59 lack of, 95 Climatic Research Unit (CRU) in models, 235 U of East Anglia, 158, 253 ocean/atmosphere in the MJO, 102 Climatology, 19, 22 troposphere/stratosphere in the QBO, 98 CLIVAR, 264 CPC. See Climate Prediction Center Clouds, 47, 51 CPC MORPHing Analysis contamination, 37 precipitation estimates, 162 ISCCP, 52 Crop Moisture Index (CMI), 231 satellite precipitation estimates, in, 150 Crustal plates, 110 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89616-0 — Climate Analysis Chester F. Ropelewski , Phillip A. Arkin Index More Information Index 331 DAAC. See NASA Distributed Active Archive Earth Explorer Center satellites, 262 Datasets Earth Radiation Budget Experiment, 52 climate monitoring Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF), 244 land/ocean, 258–259 ECMWF, 36, 53, 55, 61 reanalysis, 258 activities, 262 satellite, 259–260 CERA-20C, 61 upper air, 256–258 ERA-20C, 61 four-dimensional, 40 ERA-5, 61 global, 40, 63, 107, 136 history, 260 gridded, 26, 53, 140, 239, 252 Ekman transport popular, 141 sea ice, 205 reanalysis, 278 water, 82 gridded model output, 245 El Niño, 16, 168, Section 4.3.4.1, See ENSO model coupled oscillation, 65 Earth System Grid Federation, 244 historical, 85 satellite indices, 268 NASA/EOSDIS, 179 El Niño/La Niña Decadal variability, 100 monitoring, 276 influence of, 125 Electronically Scanning Microwave Radiometer role of subsurface ocean observations, 181 (ESMR), 196 snow cover, 202 Energy cycle, 15 use of blended SST dara, 175 Ensemble Kalman Filter, 58 use of reconstructed SST data, 177 ENSO, 16–17, 93, Section 4.3.4.1 Deep ocean, 4 components, 97 AMOC discussions, 276 overturning, 100 El Niño Southern Oscillation, 16 currents evolution, 97 density gradients, 180 history, 95 ice melting, influenced by, 121 ice core record, in, 206 influences, on the atmosphere, 181 interactions with other climate modes, 101 Defense Meteorological Satellite Program in models, 121 (DMSP) monitoring, 185 SSM/I instrument, 153 NINO indices, 268 Deforestation, 10, 114, 214 precipitation and temperature, associated with, Digital Elevation Model, 214 97 Dipole precipitation, influence on, 38 Atlantic, 186 predictions, 266, 276 Indian Ocean, 186 Regional Climate Outlook Forums, 277 Diurnal cycle, 13, 34, 48, 65 time scales, associated with, 90 in models, 241 variance, associated with, 95 sampling by satellite, 152, 160 Envisat SST, 171 ERS-1,ERS-2, 261 Divergence, 75–76, See Appendix B Equator-crossing time moisture, 224