Expertise and Documentation for Economic and Social Policy Diskurs The Social City Programme Wise urban development for the future of our cities Working Group Urban Development, Construction and Housing A publication of the Division for Economics and Social Policy of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation Frank Bielka Ingke Brodersen Lutz Freitag Achim Grossmann Bernd Hunger Muhammed Haşim Inam Folkert Kiepe Ulrich Pfeiffer Franz-Georg Rips Peter Runkel Klaus Peter Strohmeier WISO Diskurs Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Table of Contents Foreword 3 Dr. Peter Runkel / Folkert Kiepe The Institutional Framework of the Social City Funding Programme and the Need to Extend It 5 Lutz Freitag / Dr. Bernd Hunger Factors for Success in Developing Social Neighbourhoods – Housing Industry as Actor and Partner 16 Ulrich Pfeiffer Integrative urban development: relevance, complexity and risks 24 Frank Bielka Social City: responsibility for the neighbourhoods 35 Dr. Franz-Georg Rips The Social City from the Tenant's point of view 44 Achim Grossmann Culture and the Social City Programme 51 Prof. Klaus Peter Strohmeier Social Segregation: Urban Challenge in the 21st Century 58 Muhammed Haşim Inam Tension between ethnic and social segregation in the city 75 Ingke Brodersen The children of segregation: A plea for intervention 91 The authors 100 2 WISO Economic and Social Policy Diskurs Foreword The story of the past two centuries isn’t only one and demographic changes as well as different cultu- of rapid industrialization, displacing agriculture as the res are reflected in the development of urban areas. preeminent economic activity of societies across the Livable, attractive, functional and socially balanced world, but also of relentless urbanization. Since 2014 cities, towns and neighborhoods are more and more more people are living in cities than in rural areas, becoming the foundations for the social cohesion of marking a decisive shift in the makeup of human ci- a whole society. The neighborhood is a determining vilization. In 2014, according to the United Nations factor for the quality of life as well as opportunities in (UN), 54% of the world’s population lived in urban life for families and individuals. However socially ba- areas, a proportion that is expected to move up to lanced cities, towns and neighborhoods are more and 66% by 2050, adding a gigantic 2.5 billion people more jeopardized, while in other cities there is still to urban population, with 90% of it concentrated in potential for improvement. To strive for socially and Asia and Africa. Largest urban growth is expected to ecologically balanced urban development is therefo- take place in the large, developing countries of Chi- re of utmost significance for industrialized as well as na, India, Nigeria and Indonesia, collectively respon- for rapidly developing countries like in Asia, Africa or sible for 37% of project urban population growth in Latin-America. the coming decades until the mid of the 21st century, The concept/program “Social City” has been in- with India expected to add 404 million new urban troduced in 1999 as one cornerstone of urban deve- dwellers, followed by China (292 million) and Nigeria lopment planning in Germany. Under the jurisdiction (212 million). In fact, across the world, what we see of the federal government - coordinated by the Ger- today are not only cities, but “mega-cities” with po- man federal ministry for the environment, nature con- pulations comparable to small-size countries. Greater servation, building and nuclear safety - it is now im- Jakarta (Jabodetabek) has a population of 28 milli- plemented through various ministries and municipal on, Greater Shanghai 24 million people, followed by governments. The program supports less developed Karachi (23 million), Beijing (21 million), Tianjin (15 urban areas to prevent a social downward spiral of million) and Istanbul (14 million) -- all in developing poverty, neglect and infrastructure decay by providing countries. Like never before, the bulk of the world’s investments in urban regeneration in an integrative, population, economic activity and modernization is inclusive and social way. Rising real estate and energy taking place within urban centers. as well as transportation prices require a sustainable The rapid increase in the proportion of the urban and socially fair urban development plan. A drifting population as well as the explosive expansion in the apart from rich and poor neighborhoods needs to be global urban population in recent decades has gone prevented. The focus of the concept is therefore to hand in hand with ballooning concerns over affor- consolidate and upgrade structurally, economically dable housing, education, health, energy, water and and socially disadvantaged cities, towns and neigh- transportation, waste management, access to other borhoods. Investment in the urban environment, in public goods, social and ethnic segregation, the digi- the neighboring infrastructure the overall quality of talization of daily life, pollution, crime, energy shor- housing as well as in participatory decision-making tage as well as traffic gridlock. Urban centers, which processes as part of the neighborhood management are now the dominant point of concentration for the intends to guarantee more intergenerational justice, world population, are a micro-cosmos of global de- equal distribution, social mobility, the emergence of velopments and challenges. National socio-economic citizenship, family friendliness in the neighborhood 3 WISO Diskurs Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and therefore to improve the chance of equal oppor- the current migration influx cities are already growing tunities in life. The arrangement of cities along these in Germany, so that urban administrations need to lines determines opportunities of life, the quality of find new solution for the upcoming challenges. The life, citizens’ involvement as well as the overall stan- program was fortunately designed as an evolving and dard of citizenship and democracy. At the same time, learning process; - which is why the scientific moni- the preservation of a social “potpourri” strengthens toring as well as the continuous exchange between tolerance across social strata and cultures. practitioners is necessary. In 2014 the Social City concept became even the Since there are also many concepts of urban guiding concept for all urban development planning development in Asia, Africa or Latin-America, while in Germany, while the budget has been tripled accor- the challenges in urban areas are similar worldwide, dingly to 150 Million Euro per year. So far 390 cities an exchange between German urban development and 700 neighborhoods in Germany received assis- experts with their counterparts in other parts of the tance under the umbrella of the Social City program/ world might create additional and new impulses in concept. The overall feedback is quite positive; on the both directions. Against this background the Fried- one hand through related investments the ownership rich-Ebert-Stiftung in 2016 decided to translate this of neighborhood management usually improved and publication – that has been originally published in activated the citizens to assume more responsibility German in 2010 as a basic work on the Social City and ownership for their living environment. On the concept under the title: “Das Programm Soziale other hand inter-ministerial and inter-stakeholder co- Stadt”: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/wiso/07498.pdf operation within the city administration and on fede- - into English. It consists of articles written by Politi- ral level as well as with the housing industry changed cal Decision makers, representatives of Housing and also for the better. Recently the integration of refu- Real Estate Associations, German Tenants as well as gees and migrants is gaining more importance within German Town and Cities Associations, Urban deve- the Social City program in Germany, so that new in- lopment planers, Intercultural and social experts. struments have to be developed. But also in spite of René Bormann Sergio Grassi Head of the Working Groups: Country Director City Planning, Building and Housing Policy Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Bonn, Germany Indonesia Office, Jakarta Department of Social and Economic Policy (WISO) Bonn, June 2016 Jakarta, June 2016 4 WISO Economic and Social Policy Diskurs Dr. Peter Runkel / Folkert Kiepe The Institutional Framework of the Social City Funding Programme and the Need to Extend It 1. Ten Years of the Social City programme spoken with pride about a learning programme that is open to new developments and willing to draw the In 1999, the federal government and the laender consequences and conclusions from experience. launched the initiative dedicated to neighbourhoods with particular environment-related social problems. 2. The programme's basics It was the first special urban development program- me. Experience with this approach had already been The Social City Initiative began purely as an invest- gathered in individual laender such as Berlin (sparing ment funding programme of the Federal Government urban regeneration), North Rhine-Westphalia (city in accordance with Art. 104a para. 4 Basic Law in the neighbourhoods in urgent need of regeneration), version valid up to the first federalism reform (Fede- Hamburg ( anti-poverty programme) and Bremen ral Reform I). In accordance with this regulation, the (Living in Neighbourhoods). Ten years later, in early Federation could grant the laender