LARC 352 History of Landscape Architecture Autumn Quarter, 2016 Instructor: Thaïsa Way PhD T.A.: Sara Jacobs Archetypes? Spiritual animation of landscape & natural forms huaca (Quchua: Andean) teotl (Nahuatl: Aztec) po-wa-ha (Tewa: Pueblo) Centeredness & Orientation nansipu: Small hole representing the emergence from the earth. Divinity associated with natural & celestial processes Temple of the Sun: Tehothuacan Chac: God of Rain, Mayan Macchu Picchu, Peru Forms & Spaces “Mimetic Architecture” and Monumental Structures Symbols Mounds Temples Watson Brake, near Monroe, LA - C. 3000 BCE Open Spaces Plazas Ceremonial space Spatial Orchestration Celestial relationship Progression (Avenues, Ramps and Stairs) Urban networks & function Copan Ballcourt, Honduras Landscape and Architecture of of Ancient Mesoamerica Caral La Civilization Mas Antigua Caral in Peru Peru: newly discovered site of the earliest civilization in the Americas Natural terrace above the floodplain Planedia Sacred City, Caral, Peru, ca.2600 BCE © I.N.C HS News Sacred City, Caral, Peru, ca. 2600 BCE © I.N.C Planedia Sacred City, Caral, Peru, ca. 2600 BCE 3 Types of Mounds: Conical or Cone shape Effigy mounds Platform mounds Poverty Point, Louisiana, 1730-700 BCE CONICAL MOUNDS Poverty Point, Mound A, Louisianna Hopewell Mounds, Ohio, ca. 100 BCE- 300 CE Miamisburg Mound, Ohio, Poverty Point, Mound B, platform mound Kincaid Site, Massac Co., Illinois, PLATFORM MOUNDS Temple Mount at Ocmulgee National Monument, Georgia Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, 600-1400 CE, Illinois EFFIGY MOUNDS Great Serpent Mound, c. 1000-1140 CE Locust Grove, Ohio Ho-Chunk Nation, Wisconsin Marching Bear Mound Group, Iowa Map of the rise of empires and cultures in MesoAmerica Classic Nebaj Vase Showing The Hunahpú Head in the Tree (Museo Popol) Grollier Teotihuacán Teotihuacán -- view from Pyramid of the Moon down Avenue of the Dead. Teotihuacán - Pyramid of the Moon Axonometric of Avenue of the Dead: MAYANS Yucatán Penninsula Maya Civilization: Yucatán Penninsula Mayan Infrastructure Roads of stone and plaster, running up to 60 miles • Networks • Trade • Communication Traces of ancient roadways, (Morales and Sacbeob) Map of Yucatan with Mayan sites marked (Perroni) Pyramids Tikal, 700 - 1200 CE TIKAL, Mayan city, 250-800 CE water infrastructure Huppert/ Way GAHTC The Temple, palace, and hidden reservoir chain with excavations and ancient arroyo drainage (Sci-News). world-mysteries.com Chichen Itza (550-800 CE) "Chichen Itza -Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico (Panoramio) Diagram of Chichen Itza layout of precinct (Coe) Cenote (Andersson) Cenote: sacrificial well Chichen Itza is thought to mean at the rim of the well of the Itzà,” refering to the city's sacred cenote (sinkhole), Sacred cenote and pyramids at Chichen Itza (igg.cnr.it) Temple of Jaquars and Ball Court, (Gately) Ball court Ball Court and El Castillo, (IKONOS) Wikiwand.com “Te m p l e o f Kukulcàn” (or the (wikiwand) Castillo), c. 1000 CE, main pyramid at Chichen Itza Wikipedia.org Ball Court Shanaoutoftown 545 feet long X 225 feet wide ESCALONA doublehalo.com Chichen Itzá -- Caracól - “snail”--astronomical observatory INCAS Macchu Picchu, 15th century, Peru Macchu Picchu, 15th century, Peru AZTECS Red indicates the Aztec empire Mural painted by Diego Rivera in 1945, Palacio Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico Tenochtitlán’s founding myth Tenochtitlán - capital of the Aztecs Central highlands - present day Mexico City Tenochtitlán Tenochtitlán - plan of the 16th century chinampas Tenochtitlán’s ceremonial center: double pyramid and temple Tenochtitlán’s main pyramid with double temples: Temple Mayor Cortés and the Aztecs Tenochtitlan, 1300-1550 CE Birdseye view of the Spanish capital Mexico City built on top of Tenochtitlán The zocalo -- central square of Mexico City. .