Appendix 1 – Crew Lists of HIMS Vostok and Mirnyi The crew lists were translated from (CL) but without the pay rates. Five names added from Two Seasons or the post-voyage report on crew status (Moller, 1821) are marked with asterisks. The lists do not give patro- nymics and do not identify any cooks. The statement that Nikita Il’in was of ‘officer rank’ (TS, 1: 9) may simply mean that he was a gentleman but not yet a commissioned officer. The crew status report confirms the presence of a third, unidentified servant on Vostok and so corroborates Bellingshausen’s tally of 189 people without the chaplain (TS, 1: 7–9), in short 190 people. Crew of HIMS Vostok Commanding officer: Junior Captain Bellingshausen Captain Lieutenant: Ivan Zavodovskii Lieutenants: Ivan Ignat’ev; Konstantin Torson; Arkadii Leskov Midshipman: Dmitrii Demidov Astronomer: Ivan Simonov* Artist: Pavel Mikhailov* Clerk: Ivan Rezanov Gardemarine: Roman Adams* Navigator: Yakov Paryadin Warrant officers: Andrei Sherkunov; Pëtr Kryukov Master’s mate: Fëdor Vasil’ev Staff surgeon: Yakov Berkh Surgeon’s mate: Ivan Stepanov Quartermasters: Sandash Aneyev; Aleksei Aldygin; Martyn Stepanov; Aleksei Stepanov Butcher: Grigorii Diyakov Drummer: Leontii Churkin Seamen, 1st Class: Semën Trofimov (helmsman); Gubei Abdulov; Stepan Sazanov; Pëtr Maksimov; Kondratii Petrov; Olav Rangoil’; Paul Yakobson; Leon Dubovskii; Semën 214 Crew Lists 215 Gulyayev; Grigorii Anan’in; Grigorii Yelsukov; Stepan Filipov; Sidor Lukin; Matvei Khandukov; Kondratii Borisov; Yeremei Andreyev; Danil Kornev; Sidor Vasil’ev; Danil Lemantov; Fëdor Yefimov; Khrestian Lenbekin; Yefim Gladkii; Martyn Lyubin; Gavrila Galkin; Yusip Yugupov; Gabit Nemyasov; Prokofii Kasitkin; Ivan Krivov; Matvei Lezov; Mafusail’ Mai- Izbai; Nikifor Agloblin; Nikita Alunin; Yegor Kiselëv; Ivan Saltykov; Ivan Sholokhov; Demid Antonov; Abrasim Skukka; Fëdor Kudryakin; Ivan Yarengin; Zakhar Popov; Filimon Bykov; Vasilii Kuznetsov; Aleksei Konovalov; Semën Gur’yanov; Ivan Paklin; Ivan Grebennikov; Yakov Bizanov; Mikhail Tochilov; Matvei Popov; Yelizar Maksimov; Pëtr Ivanov; Grigorii Vasil’ev; Mikhail Takhashikov; Pëtr Palitsyn; Denis Yuzhakov; Vasilii Sobolev; Semën Khmel’nikov; Matvei Rozhin; Savast’yan Chigasov; Danil Stepanov; Varfolomei Kopylov; Spiridon Yefremov; Terentii Ivanov; Larion Nechayev; Fëdor Razgulyayev; Vasilii Andreyev; Kiril Sapozhnikov; Aleksandr Bereshkov; Aleksei Shilovskii; Afanasii Kirilov; Matvei Gubin (blacksmith) Ship’s carpenter, 2nd Class: Vasilii Krasnopevov Farrier, 2nd Class: Pëtr Kurlygin Carpenter, 2nd Class: Pëtr Matveyev Caulker, 2nd Class: Rodion Averkiyev Sailmaker, 2nd Class: Danil Migalkin Cooper, 3rd Class: Gavril Danilov Gunnery warrant officers: Ilya Petukhov; Ivan Kornil’ev Bombardier: Leontii Markelov Gunners, 1st Class: Zakhar Krasnitsyn; Yan Yatsylevich; Yakub Belevich; Yegor Vasil’ev; Vasilii Kapkin; Feklist Alekseyev; Semën Gusarov; Semën 216 Appendix 1 Yatsynovskii; Nikita Lebedev; Gleb Plysov; Ivan Barabanov Servants: Mikhail – (‘Misha’)*, Khariton Gyupov*, and one other Crew of HIMS Mirnyi Commanding officer: Lieutenant Lazarev Lieutenants: Nikolai Obernibesov; Mikhail Annenkov Midshipmen: Ivan Kupriyanov; Pavel Novosil’skii Medical surgeon: Nikolai Galkin Navigator’s mate: Nikita Il’in Boatswain: Ivan Losanov Quartermasters: Vasilii Alekseyev; Nazyr Rakhmatulov Drummer: Ivan Novinskii Seamen, First Class: Abashir Yakshin; Platon Semënov; Arsentii Filipov; Spiridon Rodionov; Nazyr Apsalimov; Yegor Bernikov; Gabidunila Mamlineyev; Grigorii Tlokov; Pavel Mokhov; Pëtr Yershev; Fëdor Pavlov; Ivan Kirilov; Matvei Murzin; Simon Taus; Ivan Antonov; Demid Ulyshev; Vasilii Sidorov; Batarsha Badeyev; Lavrentii Chupranov; Yegor Barsunov; Yakov Kirilov; Osip Koltanov; Markel Yestigneyev; Adam Kuk; Nikolai Volkov; Grigorii Petunin; Ivan Leond’ev; Anisim Gavrilov; Larion Filipov; Tomas Bunganin; Danil Anokhin; Fëdor Bartyukov; Ivan Koz’minskii; Frol Shavyrin; Arkhip Palmin; Zakhar Ivanov; Vasilii Kurchavii; Philip Pashkov; Fëdor Istomin; Demid Chirkov; Dmitrii Gorev; Ilya Zagainov; Ivan Kozyrev; seaman Stepanov; Vasilii Semënov Senior steward: Andrei Davydov Surgeon’s mate: Vasilii Ponomarev Blacksmith: Vasilii Gerasimov Master’s mate: Vasilii Trifanov Master’s mate: Yakov Kharlov Senior gunnery warrant officer: Dmitrii Stepanov Crew Lists 217 Gunners, 1st Class: Pëtr Afanas’ev; Mikhail Rezvii; Vasilii Stepanov; Vasilii Kuklin; Yefim Vorob’ev; Ivan Sarapov Carpenters: Fëdor Petrov (2nd Class); Pëtr Fëdorov (3rd Class) Caulker, 2nd Class: Andrei Yermolayev Sailmaker, 2nd Class: Aleksandr Temnikov Cooper, 3rd Class: Potap Sorokin Chaplain: Hieromonach Dionisii Appendix 2 – Four Deaths On 9 August 1821, in his villa at Romanshchina, the Marquis de Traversay finished writing a summary of Bellingshausen’s reports for the Emperor. As he did so, he noted that three men had died: ‘1 from disease, 1 fell, and another drowned during a storm’ (de Traversay, 1821, l. 22). Each of the three, and one more, deserves notice in this book. Fëdor Istomin – 21 February 1820 Seaman First Class Istomin died from typhoid fever, a disease which is spread in human faeces. In those days it was a common infection ashore but less virulent at sea, where human excreta went overboard. In Bellingshausen’s opinion, surgeon Galkin’s efforts were defeated as much by the harsh climate of the Southern Ocean as by the disease itself. The particulars of the expedition’s first fatality appear in the offi- cial tally of personnel as of its return to Kronstadt (Moller, 1821). Bellingshausen also mentioned this death several times (B7, B10; TS, 1: 218). As shown in Chapter 9, the version given by Mikhail Lazarev (L1) was surprisingly inaccurate. Much later, Pavel Novosil’skii also claimed that, as of March 1820, everyone in the expedition was in the best of health (1853a: 62). Perhaps he meant, everyone still with the expedition. Vostok’s latitude was approximately 66º34′32″ S, headed north, and Mirnyi’s station was behind her. This hitherto unknown seaman thus turns out to have been the first person to die and be buried (at sea) in the Antarctic. And Hieromonach Dionisii was the first priest to conduct a funeral service there. Matvei Gubin – Sunday, 14 May, to Tuesday, 23 May 1820 Seaman First Class Gubin was Vostok’s blacksmith. (For the misspelling of his surname, see Chapter 1: n. 7.) The date of his death was recorded in Two Seasons and in Moller (1821), but the date of his fall is unclear. In different places Bellingshausen said that Gubin died three, six, or nine days after falling. The third version, published in Two Seasons, has been followed here. 218 Four Deaths 219 Gubin fell about 14m from the top of the first section of the mainmast and landed on a belaying pin fixed at the main- knight, just behind the mast (B8; B10; TS, 1: 294; Moller, 1821, l. 4). Belaying pins were short metal or wooden rods fixed vertically into horizontal racks in different places on a ship, where they were used to make fast or ‘belay’ the running ropes. The knight was a structure abaft the mainmast in which massive posts, hold- ing the sheaves used for large lifting tackles, were linked and braced with such belaying pin racks (Luchininov, 1973b: 6, 14). Gubin was wounded severely in the buttocks and died from the resulting haemorrhage. When he fell, Gubin had been fitting some copper sheeting at the top of the first section of the mainmast, so as to prevent wear from the stropy. In both Russian and English nautical diction the common- est object to be called a ‘strop’ was one of the rope or iron bands used to bind and secure the countless blocks (pulley assemblies) that were needed to guide ropes and reduce hauling loads. But Bellingshausen identified these stropy by their location rather than by their function, as he would have done for blocks. So it is safe to infer, with Debenham (Bellingshausen, 1945, 1: 193), that he was referring to a well- known source of friction, the assembly by which the mainyard (or any other lower yard) was suspended, in front of the top of a mast section, from the frame which supported the next section (in this case the main topmast), a structure known as the trestle- trees. In larger warships of this date the centre of each wooden yard was bound with one or more iron collars, trusses or hoops (bugeli, beifuty) incorporating metal eyes to which short chains, known as slings, could be attached below the trestle- trees. According to Luchininov, however, who had seen her plans, Vostok used a simpler form of construction, in which the slings were passed directly around the yard (1973b: 9). And slings, as well as strops, were called stropy in Russian (Reehorst, 1849: 178). The crew status report explains that Gubin was working ‘under the maintop’, and that is confirmed by Bellingshausen’s statement that he fell from the catharpins (B10). Catharpins were short straps used to brace in the footings of the topmast rigging, known as the futtock- shrouds, which were passed outside the maintop (or trestle- trees) and then secured to the top of the mainmast just below it. Once that struc- ture, supporting the topmast, was in place, access to the aft- side, in particular, of the top of the mainmast would have been extremely awk- ward. Although friction between mainmast and mainyard was confined to the front and sides of the mast, Gubin was perhaps trying to fasten the copper collar at the back. That would explain why he fell onto the main- knight, which stood behind the mast. 220 Appendix 2 There were two new hospitals in Sydney, and the squadron was due to call there again after a few months. Bellingshausen was minded to leave Gubin behind, but Vostok’s surgeon, Yakov Berkh, assured him that the patient would recover at sea. Three days after sailing, however, Gubin died. Filimon Bykov – Monday, 11 September 1820 Fair wind; the Emperor’s name day. They held a service of thanksgiving and fired a salute. Then: The weather allowed Captain Lazarev and the rest of the officers to spend the whole day with me on Vostok. We shared heartfelt reminiscences of our dear fatherland, our families and friends, bridging the immeasurable distance that separated us from them.