MUSLIMS OF ANDALUS AFTER THE FALL OF GRANADA: THE CATHOLIC POLICY OF DESTRUCTION OF ISLAM (898-934 AH /1492-1525 C.E.) BY PUTEH NORAIHAN BINTI A RAHMAN A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Human Sciences (History and Civilization) Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia JULY 2011 ABSTRACT This research is an introduction to the historical investigation of the fall of Muslim civilization in al-Andalus Western Mediterranean, after almost 800 years of rise, rapid growth and later a sluggish decline. Most of the modern Muslim historians concentrate on the “Golden Age” of the Andalus at the expense of the other periods of its history. This work examines the nakbah (catastrophy) and ibādah (annihilation) of Muslims in Andalus. The end of the “Moorish Spain” is relatively well known to the readers of world history. Therefore, this research is a study on the dark period of the Christian Europe. This era of planned and sustained policy of total eradication of Islam from the southwestern Europe was authorized by the medieval popes, the European Roman-Catholic kings and emperors and overtly implemented after the surrender of the last Muslim state of Granada in 1492 CE. ii ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻷﻧﺪﻟﺲ ، ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ٨٠٠ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻀﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ، ﰒ ﺍﳓﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﳓﻄﺎﻃﻬﺎ . ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺧﲔ ﺍﳌ ﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﻢ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺪﻟﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ " ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺒﻴﺔ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ . ﳍﺬﺍ ﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻜﺒﺔ ﻭﺇﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﺪﻟﺲ، ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻳﺴﻜﻴﲔ ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭﻭﻗﺎﺋﻌﻬﺎ، ﻓﺎﻷﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺳﺘﺪﺭﺱ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺄﺳﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻈﻠﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑ ﺎ ﻓﻔﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﹼﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﳐﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺎﺑﺎﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ، ﻭﻣﻠﻮﻙ ﻭﺃﺑﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮﻟﻴﻚ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ، ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻔﹼﺬﺕ ﻋﻠﻨﺎﹰ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻘﻄﺖ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻏﺮﻧﺎﻃﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٤٩٢ ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ. iii APPROVAL PAGE I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Human Sciences (History and Civilization). ……………………………….. Ataullah Bogdan Kopanski Supervisor I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Human Sciences (History and Civilization). ………………………………. Ghassan Taha Yassen Examiner This dissertation is submitted to the Department of History and Civilization and is accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Human Sciences (History and Civilization). ……………………………….. Arshad Islam Head, Department of History and Civilization This dissertation is submitted to the Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences and is accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Human Sciences (History and Civilization). ……………………………….. Badri Najib Zubir Dean, Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences iv DECLARATIO I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degree at IIUM or other institutions. Puteh Noraihan binti A Rahman Signature……………………… Date…………………….. v INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA COPYRIGHT PAGE DECLARATIO OF COPYRIGHT AD AFFIRMATIO OF FAIR USE OF UPUBLISHED RESEARCH Copyright © 2011 by Puteh Noraihan Binti A Rahman. All rights reserved. MUSLIM OF ADALUS AFTER THE FALL OF GRAADA: THE CATHOLIC POLICY OF DESTRUCTIO OF ISLAM (898-934 AH /1492-1525 C.E.) No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided below. 1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may only be used by others in their writing with due acknowledgement. 2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes. 3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieval system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other universities and research libraries. Affirmed by Puteh Noraihan Binti A Rahman ……………………………. ……………….. Signature Date vi DEDICATIO For ‘Abdul Rahman Abdullah, Puteh Saroja Ishak & Saiful Khairi Kamarudin vii ACKOWLEDGEMETS Alhamdulillah, My utmost gratitude to Allah S.W.T. for His blessings and opportunity, finally I have completed this thesis. An enormous thank to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Ataullah Bogdan Kopanski who has assisted me in the quest of this precious knowledge. His sagacious guidance, insightful criticisms, patience and encouragement aided the writing of this thesis in incalculable ways. I would also like to express my bottomless gratitude to my husband, Saiful Khairi Kamarudin for his understanding and kind cooperation throughout my journey of writing this thesis. Next, I want to express a great appreciation to my examiner, Prof. Dr. Ghassan Taha Yassen for examining this paper intensely and also his dedicated support. Not to forget, for my parents and son for being the light inspiration and encouragement in order for this task to be accomplished. Last but not least, endless appreciation to my family, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arshad Islam, Sister Azura, Sister Radziah, colleagues, friends in IIUM and those involved in this project. viii TABLE OF COTETS Abstract ................................................................................................................. ii Arabic Abstract...................................................................................................... iii Approval Page ....................................................................................................... iv Declaration ............................................................................................................ v Copyright Page ...................................................................................................... vi Dedication ............................................................................................................. vii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... viii Table of Contents .................................................................................................. ix List of Tables ......................................................................................................... xi List of Figures ....................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1: ITRODUCTIO ....................................................................... 1 1.1 Background and History ...................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ..................................................................... 3 1.3 The Objectives of the Research ............................................................ 5 1.4 Research Questions ............................................................................. 6 1.5 Justification of the Problem ................................................................. 7 1.6 Literature Review ................................................................................ 8 1.7 Research Methodology ........................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2: SURREDER OF THE LAST ISLAMIC STATE I THE FAR WEST .......................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 14 2.2 Islamic State in the Far West ............................................................... 14 2.2.1 Geographical Background of Andalusia ..................................... 14 2.2.2 The Muslim Military Intervention During the Civil War Among the Visigoths in Spain: al-Futuhat of 93 AH / 711 C.E. 15 2.3 Betrayal of Jihad .................................................................................. 21 2.4 The Rise of Castilians .......................................................................... 26 2.4.1 Castilian Besieged Muslim Dominions ...................................... 32 2.4.2 Reactions from the Muslims in Malaga ...................................... 40 2.4.3 Invasion of the Castilian King ................................................... 41 2.5 The Capitulation of Abu Abdallah Muhammad “ the Unlucky” .......... 54 2.5.1 The Articles of the Capitulation ................................................ 56 2.5.2 Granada after The Capitulation .................................................. 61 2.6 Aftermath ............................................................................................ 64 2.7 Chronology of the Caliphates and Emirates of the Iberian Peninsula .... 66 2.8 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 3: MORISCIZATIO OF THE ADALUSIA MUSLIMS ........ 70 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................