12/12/2017 Current Breeding Efforts in Salt‐and Drought-Tolerant Rootstocks – Andy Walker ([email protected]) California Grape Rootstock Improvement Commission / California Grape Rootstock Research Foundation CDFA NT, FT, GV Improvement Advisory Board California Table Grape Commission American Vineyard Foundation E&J Gallo Winery Louise Rossi Endowed Chair in Viticulture Rootstock Breeding Objectives • Develop better forms of drought and salinity tolerance • Combine these tolerances with broad nematode resistance and high levels of phylloxera resistance • Develop better fanleaf degeneration tolerant rootstocks • Develop rootstocks with “Red Leaf” virus tolerance 1 12/12/2017 V. riparia Missouri River V. rupestris Jack Fork River, MO 2 12/12/2017 V. berlandieri Fredericksburg, TX Which rootstock to choose? • riparia based – shallow roots, water sensitive, low vigor, early maturity: – 5C, 101-14, 16161C (3309C) • rupestris based – broadly distributed roots, relatively drought tolerant, moderate to high vigor, midseason maturity: – St. George, 1103P, AXR#1 (3309C) 3 12/12/2017 Which rootstock to choose? • berlandieri based – deeper roots, drought tolerant, higher vigor, delayed maturity: – 110R, 140Ru (420A, 5BB) • champinii based – deeper roots, drought tolerant, salt tolerance, but variable in hybrids – Dog Ridge, Ramsey (Salt Creek) – Freedom, Harmony, GRNs • Site trumps all… soil depth, rainfall, soil texture, water table V. monticola V. candicans 4 12/12/2017 CP‐SSR LN33 1613-59 V. riparia x V. rupestris Couderc 1613 14 markers 22 haplotypes Harmony Freedom V. berlandieri x V. riparia Couderc 1616 Ramsey Vitis rupestris cv Witchita refuge V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 157-11 (Couderc) 3306 (Couderc) V. berlandieri x V. vinifera 3309 (Couderc) Vitis riparia cv. Gloire de Montpellier Dog Ridge GRN1 (8909-05) GRN5 (9407-14) Vitis rupestris cv Ade Serres Vitis rupestris cv. du Lot (St. George) Cosmo 10 COSMO 10 Cosmo 2 Oppenheim #4 Kober 125AA Teleki 8B Teleki 8B Ferrari Teleki 5C Teleki 5A Kober 5BB 99 Richter 140 Ruggeri 110 Richter 57 Richter 1447 Paulsen 1103 Paulsen 1045 Paulsen 775 Paulsen Evex 13-5 Vitis berlandieri Rességuier n. 2 Boutin Berlandieri #10 Salomon #1 Salomon GRN2 GRN4 GRN3 Malègue 44-53 Schwarzmann 101-14 Vitis rupestris cv. Martin 333 EM Millardet et de Grasset 41B Mazade Las Sorres Resseguier #1 d'Angeac 420A Mgt 161-49 Couderc Chiendent 01.berlandieri 9031 44-53 Malegue Multi-stage screening for chloride exclusion - Increasing resource intensity - Increasing stringency of Phase 1 results Phase 2 Phase 3 5 12/12/2017 V.#girdiana# V.#mustangensis# Hybrid' V.#arizonica# V.#riparia,#V.#acerifolia# V.#berlandieri,#V.#cinerea# V.#rupestris# Claire Heinitz Shadehouse Cl- Screen 75mM acerifolia 140Ru treleasei Ramse y girdiana Riparia Gloire Schwarzmann 6 12/12/2017 Greenhouse chloride screen: Leaf phenotype index 7 12/12/2017 Vitis acerifolia • North Texas to Oklahoma and New Mexico, a southern riparia, a.k.a. solonis and acerifolia • Sandy to gravelly gullies and ravines • Deep roots, some drought tolerance • Variable nematode resistance, resists phylloxera, easy to propagate “Here then is another wild treasure, from which may spring a grand family of grapes for the arid regions of the West.” - Munson 1909 8 12/12/2017 Vitis berlandieri collections – Over 100 collected; rooting, drought, salt, nematodes, lime, and compare with old selections – Jake Uretsky Dallas Austin Houston San Antonio Brownsville 9 12/12/2017 Variance among populations VarComp = 0.66 %Var = 14.3 Φ = 0.14 p-value = 0.001 10 12/12/2017 Boron exclusion in grapes: Does it exist? Daniele Grossi, Joaquin Fraga, Kevin Fort, M. Andrew Walker Symptom results 11 12/12/2017 May 2014 Wild species [B] Breeding Rootstocks to Tolerate Drought • Understanding drought adaption vs drought resistance • The ability to continue growth and maintain crop yield with less water • Can we un-couple rooting angle/depth from drought adaptation/resistance? • What about root architecture, root density, fine root recovery, uptake through structural and suberized roots, hydraulic lift? • Kevin Fort, Jake Uretsky, Jean Dodson, Joaquin Fraga, Andrew McElrone 12 12/12/2017 Root fibrosity as a predictor of drought tolerance Riparia Gloire Digitized root Ramsey system Drought Resistance – Kevin Fort • Digital analysis of field-grown vines produces strong correlation to drought resistance Thick roots Fibrous roots 13 12/12/2017 110R produces thick main roots with limited lateral branching. 101-14 Mgt produces finer main roots and abundant lateral branching. 10 cm 101‐14Mgt 110R 14 12/12/2017 Root diameter distributions in the greenhouse Root diameter distributions after one and two years in the field 15 12/12/2017 Fine root hydraulic conductivity during water stress and recovery What does all this mean? 1. 110R seems to have a more efficient root system for uptake of mobile (and deep) resources like water 2. The response to water stress in 110R, although more pronounced than in 101‐14Mgt, seems to facilitate recovery after re‐watering. 3. These combined traits make sense in an ecological context, particularly regarding the parental species V. berlandieri and V. riparia. 16 12/12/2017 THANK YOU! European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 2017: finding answers to a global problem 33 Thanks! 17 12/12/2017 GRN Rootstock Summary Citrus Ring Phylloxera Rooting Nematode Nematode Nodosities Depth GRN-1 R R HR D GRN-2 MS S HR S GRN-3 R S R M GRN-4 R MS R M They all resist all 3 strains of root-knot, X. index, these combined, and at high temperatures GRN 5 R MR MS D 2015/16 Gallo Lodi – Malbec, Wye trellis 6x10, 2012 planting 18 12/12/2017 2015/16 Gallo Lodi – Malbec, Wye trellis 6x10, 2012 planting Gallo Lodi 2016 19 12/12/2017 Gallo Lodi Gallo Lodi 2016 20.