Poverty, Forest Dependence and Migration in the Forest Communities of Turkey Evidence and policy impact analysis POVERTY, FOREST DEPENDENCE AND MIGRATION IN THE FOREST COMMUNITIES OF TURKEY A B POVERTY, FOREST DEPENDENCE AND MIGRATION IN THE FOREST COMMUNITIES OF TURKEY Poverty, Forest Dependence and Migration in the Forest Communities of Turkey Evidence and policy impact analysis JUNE, 2017 Acknowledgements This paper was prepared by a combined team1 of World Bank staff and consultants, working with local Turkish consultants and stakeholders in close collaboration.2 The team would like to acknowledge the efforts of UDA Consulting in Turkey for the survey’s design and implementation. The team would like to acknowledge the support and design contributions of the Program for Forests (PROFOR), who also funded this study. Additionally, the team would like to acknowledge the cooperation of the General Directorate of Forestry (GDF), who provided guidance and the oversight of information that led to the construction of the survey and sample design. The findings from this paper form an integral part of a much broader engagement with the Turkish GDF through a jointly-produced Forest Policy Note. 1 The Team comprised: Craig M. Meisner (World Bank, Task Team Leader and Sr Environmental Economist), Limin Wang (World Bank, Consultant), Raisa Chandrashekhar Behal (World Bank, Consultant), and Priya Shyamsundar (World Bank, Consultant), Andrew Mitchell (World Bank, Sr Forestry Specialist), and Esra Arikan (World Bank, Sr Environmental Specialist). 2 Local Turkish collaborators included: UDA Consulting for survey implementation and the Central Union of Turkish Forestry Cooperatives (OR-KOOP). CONTENTS Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 7 2. Forests and Forestry Institutions in Turkey.......................................................................................................... 9 2.1. Forest Resources ................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1. Non-wood Forest Products (NWFPs) ............................................................................................. 10 2.1.2. Ecosystem Services .................................................................................................................... 11 2.1.3. Economic Value of Ecosystem Services .......................................................................................... 12 2.2. Forest Institutions, Legislative and Policy Framework ................................................................................ 12 2.2.1. Institutional Framework ............................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2. Forest Villages .......................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.3. Historical Support to Forest Villages .............................................................................................. 14 2.2.4. Other Key Stakeholders .............................................................................................................. 16 2.2.5. Legislation ................................................................................................................................ 17 2.2.6. Policy Framework ...................................................................................................................... 18 3. Socio-Economic Conditions In Turkey’s Forest Villages ....................................................................................... 19 3.1. Socio-economic Household Survey ....................................................................................................... 19 3.1.1. Socio-demographic Conditions .................................................................................................... 21 3.1.2. Income Sources ........................................................................................................................ 21 3.1.3. Income Diversification and Forest Dependency ................................................................................ 22 3.1.4. Poverty in Forest Villages ............................................................................................................. 23 3.1.5. Differences between the Poor and Non-poor .................................................................................. 24 4. Forest Resource Use and Management .......................................................................................................... 27 4.1. Income by Product .............................................................................................................................. 27 4.2. Forest Resource Dependency: Energy, Health and Housing ...................................................................... 28 4.3. Forest and Pasture Management .......................................................................................................... 28 5. Analysing Migration Decisions ....................................................................................................................... 30 5.1. Descriptive Statistics of Migrant Households in the SEHS ......................................................................... 30 5.2. Factors Influencing Household Migration Decisions ................................................................................. 32 5.3. Simulating Effects on the Migration Decision .......................................................................................... 33 6. Pathways Out of Poverty ............................................................................................................................ 34 6.1. Variation of Participation across Income Quintiles .................................................................................. 35 6.2. Determinants of Income ....................................................................................................................... 35 7. Interpreting the Results ................................................................................................................................. 37 7.1. Assessing the Poverty Impacts of Policies ............................................................................................... 38 8. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 41 References ..................................................................................................................................................... 43 Appendix 1: ORKOY – terms and conditions of support ........................................................................................ 45 Appendix 2: Migration analysis......................................................................................................................... 48 Appendix 3: Income regressions, by source ........................................................................................................ 49 Appendix 4: Proportion of household asset ownership ......................................................................................... 50 POVERTY, FOREST DEPENDENCE AND MIGRATION IN THE FOREST COMMUNITIES OF TURKEY 1 Figures Figure 2-1 Turkey’s Forest Cover .......................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 2-2 Active Management of NWFPs in 13 European Regions ....................................................................... 11 Figure 2-3 Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs ................................................................................................ 12 Figure 3-1 Randomized Sample of Forest Villages Surveyed ................................................................................. 20 Figure 3-2 Income Diversification ....................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 3-3 Common Combinations of Income Sources (% of households) ................................................................ 22 Figure 4-1 Percentage of Households Collecting Forest Products ............................................................................ 27 Tables Table 2-1 Forest Area and Growing Stock .......................................................................................................... 10 Table 2-2 Support to Forest Villages (FTE = Fulltime Equivalent) .............................................................................. 14 Table 2-3 Historical Development of Forest Legal and Regulatory Framework .......................................................... 17 Table 3-1 Survey Sample .................................................................................................................................. 19 Table 3-2 Household Demographics and Employment Status by Poverty and Migration Area ..................................... 20 Table 3-3 Household Average Income by Source and Participation ........................................................................ 21 Table 3-4 Forest Village