PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS The compounds in this table were selected on the basis of their radioactive elements for which IUPAC makes no recom- laboratory and industrial importance, as well as their value in illus- mendation, the mass number of the isotope with longest trating trends in the variation of physical properties with position half-life is used . in the periodic table . An effort has been made to include the most • Physical Form: The crystal system is given, when available, frequently encountered inorganic substances; a limited number of for compounds that are solid at room temperature, togeth- organometallics are also covered . Many, if not most, of the com- er with color and other descriptive features . Abbreviations pounds that are solids at ambient temperature can exist in more are listed below . than one crystalline modification . In the absence of other infor- • mp: Normal melting point in °C . The notation tp indicates mation, the data given here can be assumed to apply to the most the temperature where solid, liquid, and gas are in equilib- stable or common crystalline form . In many cases, however, two rium at a pressure greater than one atmosphere (i .e ., the or more forms are of practical importance, and separate entries normal melting point does not exist) . When available, the will be found in the table . triple point pressure is listed . Compounds are arranged primarily in alphabetical order by the • bp: Normal boiling point in °C (referred to 101 .325 kPa most commonly used name . However, adjustments are made in or 760 mmHg pressure) . The notation sp following the many instances so as to bring closely related compounds togeth- number indicates the temperature where the pressure of er . For example, hydrides of elements such as boron, silicon, and the vapor in equilibrium with the solid reaches 101 .325 germanium are grouped together immediately following the entry kPa . See Reference 8, p . 23, for further discussion of sub- for the parent element, since they would otherwise be scattered limation points and triple points . A notation “sublimes” throughout the table . Likewise, the oxoacids of an element are giv- without a temperature being given indicates that there is a en in one group whenever a strict alphabetical order would sepa- perceptible sublimation pressure above the solid at ambi- rate them (e .g ., sulfuric acid and fluorosulfuric acid) . The Formula ent temperatures . Index following the table provides another means of locating a • Density: Density values for solids and liquids are always in compound . There is also an index to CAS Registry Numbers . units of grams per cubic centimeter and can be assumed to The following data fields appear in the table: refer to temperatures near room temperature unless oth- erwise stated . Values for gases are the calculated ideal gas • Name: Systematic name for the substance . The valence densities in grams per liter at 25 °C and 101 .325 kPa; the state of a metallic element is indicated by a Roman numeral, unit is always specified for a gas value . e g. ,. copper in the +1 state is written as copper(I) rather than • Aqueous Solubility: Solubility is expressed as the number cuprous, iron in the +3 state is iron(III) rather than ferric . of grams of the compound (excluding any water of hydra- • Formula: The simplest descriptive formula is given, but tion) that will dissolve in 100 grams of water . The tempera- this does not necessarily specify the actual structure of the ture in °C is given as a superscript . Solubility at other tem- compound . For example, aluminum chloride is designated peratures can be found for many compounds in the table as AlCl3, even though a more accurate representation of “Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various the structure in the solid phase (and, under some con- Temperatures” in Section 8 . ditions, in the gas phase) is Al2Cl6 A few exceptions are • +2 Qualitative Solubility: Qualitative information on the made, such as the use of Hg2 for the mercury(I) ion . solubility in other solvents (and in water, if quantitative • CAS Registry Number: Chemical Abstracts Service data are unavailable) is given here . The abbreviations are: Registry Number . An asterisk* following the CAS RN for a hydrate indicates that the number refers to the anhydrous i insoluble compound . In most cases the generic CAS RN for the sl slightly soluble compound is given rather than the number for a specific s soluble crystalline form or mineral . vs very soluble • Mol. Weight: Molecular weight (relative molar mass) as reac reacts with the solvent calculated with the 2005 IUPAC Recommended Atomic Weights . The number of decimal places corresponds to Data were taken from a wide variety of reliable sources, includ- the number of places in the atomic weight of the least accu- ing monographs, treatises, review articles, evaluated compilations rately known element (e .g ., one place for lead compounds, and databases, and in many cases the primary literature . Some two places for compounds of selenium, germanium, etc .); of the most useful references for the properties covered here are a maximum of three places is given . For compounds of listed below . List of Abbreviations Ac - acetyl blk - black cub - cubic exp - explodes, explosive ace - acetone brn - brown cyhex - cyclohexane extrap - extrapolated acid - acid solutions bz - benzene dec - decomposes flam - flammable alk - alkaline solutions chl - chloroform dil - dilute gl - glass, glassy amorp - amorphous col - colorless diox - dioxane grn - green anh - anhydrous conc - concentrated eth - ethyl ether hc - hydrocarbon solvents aq - aqueous cry - crystals, crystalline EtOH - ethanol hex - hexagonal, hexane 4-43 4-44 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds hp - heptane orth - orthorhombic s - soluble in tp - triple point HT - high temperature os - organic solvents silv - silvery trans - transition, transforma- tion hyd - hydrate peth - petroleum ether sl - slightly soluble in tricl - triclinic hyg - hygroscopic pow - powder soln - solution trig - trigonal i - insoluble in prec - precipitate sp - sublimation point unstab - unstable liq - liquid pur - purple stab - stable viol - violet low temperature pyridine sublimes LT - py - subl - visc - viscous MeOH - methanol reac - reacts with temp - temperature vs - very soluble in monocl - monoclinic refrac - refractory tetr - tetragonal wh - white octahed - octahedral rhom - rhombohedral thf - tetrahydrofuran xyl - xylene oran - orange r.t. - room temperature tol - toluene yel - yellow 14 . Lidin, R . A ., Andreeva, L . L ., and Molochko, V . A ., Constants of References Inorganic Substances, Begell House, New York, 1995 . 1 . Phillips, S . L ., and Perry, D .L ., Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, 15 . Gurvich, L . V ., Veyts, I . V ., and Alcock, C . B ., Thermodynamic CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995 . Properties of Individual Substances, Fourth Edition, Hemisphere 2 . Trotman-Dickenson, A . F ., Executive Editor, Comprehensive Inorganic Publishing Corp ., New York, 1989 . Chemistry, Vol . 1-5, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973 . 16 . The Combined Chemical Dictionary on CDROM, Version 9:1, 3 . Greenwood, N . N ., and Earnshaw, A ., Chemistry of the Elements, Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2005 . Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1997 . 17 . Macdonald, F ., Editor, Chapman & Hall/CRC Combined Chemical 4 . Wiberg, N ., Wiberg, E ., and Holleman, H . F ., Inorganic Chemistry, Dictionary, <http://www .chemnetbase .com/scripts/ccdweb .exe> . 34th Edition, Academic Press, San Diego, 2001 . 18 . Sangeeta, G ., and LaGraff, J . R ., Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Second 5 . GMELIN Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005 . Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg . 6 . Chase, M W. ., Davies, C .A ., Downey, J .R ., Frurip, D . J ., McDonald, R .A ., 19 . Stern, K . H ., High Temperature Properties and Thermal Decomposition and Syverud, A .N .; JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. of Inorganic Salts with Oxyanions, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001 . Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol . 14, Suppl . 1, 1985; Chase, M . W ., NIST- 20 . Donnay, J .D .H ., and Ondik, H .M ., Crystal Data Determinative JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Tables, Third Edition, Volumes 2 and 4, Inorganic Compounds, Joint Data, Monograph No . 9, 1998 . Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Swarthmore, PA, 1973 . 7 . Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships 21 . Robie, R ., Bethke, P . M ., and Beardsley, K . M ., Selected X-ray in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/19A, “Thermodynamic Crystallographic Data, Molar Volumes, and Densities of Minerals and Properties of Inorganic Materials compiled by SGTE”, Springer-Verlag, Related Substances, U .S . Geological Survey Bulletin 1248, 1967 . Heidelberg; Part 1, 1999; Part 2; 1999; Part 3, 2000; Part 4, 2001 . 22 . Carmichael, R . S ., Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks 8 . Lide, D . R ., and Kehiaian, H V. ., CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989 . Thermochemical Data, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994 . 23 . Deer, W . A ., Howie, R .A ., and Zussman, J ., An Introduction to the 9 . Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Wiley- Rock-Forming Minerals, 2nd Edition, Longman Scientific & Technical, Interscience, New York, 1985 . Harlow, Essex, 1992 . 10 . Dictionary of Inorganic Compounds, Chapman & Hall, New York, 1992 . 24 . Linstrom,