ERA.Net RUS – FP7-226164 Linking Russia to the ERA: Coordination of MS’/AC’ S&T programmes towards and with Russia Deliverable Title D 1.1.1 – The Russian S&T system Deliverable Lead: CNRS Related Work package: WP1 – Preparing the analytical ground for coordinating EU MS’/AC S&T and innovation programmes towards Russia or with Russian programme owners Author(s): Archimedes, CNRS, HSE, ICISTE, KIAE, ZSI Dissemination level: Public Due submission date: 31/05/2009 Actual submission: 30/09/2010 Project Number FP7-226164 Instrument: Coordination Action (CA) Start date of Project: 01/02/2009 Duration: 48 months Project funded by the European Community under the International Cooperation activity of the Capacities Programme of the 7th European Framework Programme for RTD (FP7). D1.1 The Russian S&T system, draft report Page 1 of 198 ERA.Net RUS – FP7-226164 Abstract This report was prepared in the frame of the ERA.Net-RUS project. Partners from the Higher School of Economics (HSE), the International Centre for Innovations in Science, Technology and Education (ICISTE) and the Russian Research Centre – Kurchatov Institute (KIAE) contributed to the report, as well as the Archimedes Foundation, the Centre for Social Innovation (ZSI) and the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). The report is aimed at raising the awareness of the European R&D policy makers and programme owners on the Russian S&T system, in view of future joint activities targeting and with Russia. Versioning and Contribution History Version Date Modification reason Modified by v.01 25/06/2009 Draft CNRS v.02 24/07/2009 Draft CNRS Fill in missing contributions, CNRS, Archimedes, v.03 21/09/2009 Internal consistency HSE, KIAE, ICISTE CNRS, ZSI, HSE, v.04 18/12/2009 Draft ICISTE, Archimedes Final draft to be uploaded on the v.05 19/01/2010 CNRS, HSE website Final draft with comments from v.06 25/05/2010 CNRS,HSE, KIAE, ZSI the workshop in Moscow Final 30/09/2010 Final draft CNRS D1.1 The Russian S&T system, draft report Page 2 of 198 ERA.Net RUS – FP7-226164 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................ 5 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 9 1 S&T STRATEGY AND GOVERNANCE ........................................................... 13 1.1 National priorities in S&T.........................................................................................14 1.2 Legal basis for S&T policy.......................................................................................23 1.3 Governmental and other S&T decision-making bodies........................................26 2 S&T LANDSCAPE............................................................................................ 34 2.1 Scientific Excellence in Russia ...............................................................................35 2.2 Research and Innovation Infrastructures ..............................................................38 2.3 Human potential .......................................................................................................48 2.4 Geographical distribution & regional research potential .....................................51 2.5 Distribution between education and research.......................................................52 2.6 Organisation of public and private sector .............................................................57 2.7 Effects and Efficiency of reforms in the S&T sector.............................................62 2.8 Output indicators: number of publications and patents.......................................69 3 MAIN ACTORS IMPLEMENTING S&T POLICY AND PERFORMING R&D.... 73 3.1 Actors implementing S&T policy at federal level ..................................................73 3.2 Main actors at regional level ...................................................................................80 3.3 S&T funding organisations......................................................................................83 3.4 State corporations..................................................................................................101 3.5 Research performers .............................................................................................112 4. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION................................................................... 122 4.1 S&T cooperation agreements .....................................................................................122 4.2 International programmes and initiatives ..................................................................124 4.3 Indicators ......................................................................................................................143 D1.1 The Russian S&T system, draft report Page 3 of 198 ERA.Net RUS – FP7-226164 5. CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................. 148 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 151 ANNEX 1 : LIST OF TECHNOLOGIES CRITICAL FOR THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ........................................................................................................ 158 ANNEX 2 : LIST OF THE 12 MAJOR INNOVATION PROJECTS OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE, CONTRACTED IN 2003............................................................... 160 ANNEX 3 : OBJECTIVES OF MES IN RUSSIA ................................................... 161 ANNEX 4 : OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES IN RUSSIA ....... 163 ANNEX 5 : UNIQUE INSTALLATIONS CREATED AT INSTITUTIONS OF DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF RAS........................................................................ 177 ANNEX 6 : NEW RESEARCH TECHNOLOGIES IN RUSSIAN REGIONS........... 180 ANNEX 7 : LEADING INDUSTRIAL SECTORS AND R&D INVESTEMENT IN RUSSIAN REGIONS.............................................................................................. 185 ANNEX 8 : RAS FACTS & FIGURES ON FUNDING ACTIVITIES BY SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES ......................................................................................................... 193 ANNEX 9 : RAS AGREEMENTS ON INTERNATIONAL S&T COOPERATION... 195 ANNEX 10 : RUSSIAN BUSINESS GROUPS AND MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES (CASES)................................................................................................................. 197 D1.1 The Russian S&T system, draft report Page 4 of 198 ERA.Net RUS – FP7-226164 Executive Summary As a global player on the political and economic stage and as the European Union’s largest direct neighbouring country, Russia is considered as one of the main strategic international partners of the EU. According to the Country Strategy Paper 2007-2013 of the European Commission for the Russian Federation, “EU cooperation with Russia is conceived in terms of, and is designed to strengthen, a strategic partnership founded on shared interests and common values.” One of the main objectives of the EU-Russia roadmap for a common space of Research and Education is “to support joint elaboration and harmonization efforts for the creation of a EU/Russia common space in the field of research.” The EU-Russian S&T agreement which was renewed on 30 March 2009 is one of the major legal frameworks at Community level. The 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7), and especially its ERANET scheme of the specific programme “Capacities”, also provide useful instruments for addressing the joint interests of EU and Russian S&T programme owners and for planning a sustainable S&T programme for mutual benefit. The first task of the ERANET-RUS project’s work programme is to prepare the analytical ground for coordinating EU MS´/AC´ S&T and innovation programmes towards Russia or with Russian programme owners. In this respect the present analytical report provides an overview of the structure of S&T in Russia, Russian strengths and national priorities in S&T; main S&T institutions, present state of international cooperation with emphasis on EU MS/AC. The main conclusions of the present report are the following : 1. Economic background Russia’s economic structure is very different from most European countries – there is a predominance of large companies, focused on mining and heavy industry, and an almost complete lack of high-tech and consumer goods industries. Therefore Russia’s innovation system also has quite distinctive characteristics. Historically, Russia, as part of the former Soviet Union, has been characterized by a developed system of public R&D institutes. During the transitional period, this sector of the innovation system experienced severe trouble: low level of financial support from the State budget and industry, decreasing salaries for scientists and engineers and de facto stagnation of the R&D activity. Overall, the major characteristics of the R&D system in Russia are1: • 61% of funding comes from the federal budget (2006). Starting from 2002, its share is growing annually. • 73% of organisations conducting R&D are state-owned (they are in federal property). • 77% of all R&D personnel work in state-owned R&D organisations. 1. National Innovation System and State Innovation Policy of the Russian Federation. Background Report to the OECD Country Review of the Russian Innovation Policy. Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation , Moscow, 2009 D1.1 The Russian S&T system, draft report Page 5 of 198 ERA.Net