For more information on adopting this SNEAK title for your course, please contact us at: PREVIEW [email protected] or 800-200-3908 PREHISTORIC WORLD CULTURES THIRD EDITION atOneonta College York, State University ofNew WALKER BY RENEEB. Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher Amy Smith, Project Editor Christian Berk, Production Editor Jess Estrella, Senior Graphic Designer Stephanie Kohl, Licensing Coordinator Natalie Piccotti, Director of Marketing Kassie Graves, Vice President of Editorial Jamie Giganti, Director of Academic Publishing Copyright © 2020 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. 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List of Figures ix Introduction 1 Part I: What Does it Mean to Be Human? 7 1: Studying Past Cultures 9 2: Our Earliest Ancestors 25 3: Early Humans 39 4: Paleolithic Migration 55 PART II: Why and When Did Humans Become More Complex? 69 5: Transition to Food Producers 71 6: Early Agricultural Societies 81 7: Early Cities and Writing in Mesopotamia 93 8: Enigmatic Egypt 103 9: Mediterranean Cultures 113 PART III: What Are the Consequences of Increased Social Complexity? 123 10: Japan and China’s Dynastic Period 125 CONTENTS BRIEF 11: Indus Valley and Angkor Cultures 135 12: Native American Cultures 147 13: Olmec, Maya, and Aztec 161 14: Inca and Their Ancestors 175 References Cited 187 Index 197 List of Figures ix Introduction 1 Part I: What Does it Mean to Be Human? 7 1: Studying Past Cultures 9 Learning Objectives 9 1.1 What Is Culture? 9 1.2 Basic Concepts in Archaeology 15 1.3 Survey and Excavation Techniques 17 1.4 Bringing It Together 21 Discussion Questions 21 Recommended Videos 22 Related Readings 22 Key Terms and Concepts 22 2: Our Earliest Ancestors 25 Learning Objectives 25 2.1 Early Ancestors 25 2.2 Australopithecines 28 2.3 Homo habilis and Homo erectus 31 2.4 Bringing It Together 34 Discussion Questions 35 Recommended Videos 35 Key Terms and Concepts 35 3: Early Humans 39 DETAILED CONTENTS DETAILED Learning Objectives 39 3.1 Homo heidelbergensis and Homo antecessor 39 3.2 Neanderthals and the Denisovans 41 3.3 Early Modern Humans 46 3.4 The Upper Paleolithic 47 3.5 Bringing It Together 50 Discussion Questions 50 Recommended Videos 51 Related Readings 51 Key Terms and Concepts 51 4: Paleolithic Migration 55 Learning Objectives 55 4.1 Human Migration to Australia 55 4.2 The First Americans 58 4.3 Bringing It Together 64 Discussion Questions 64 Recommended Videos 64 Related Readings 65 Key Terms and Concepts 65 Part II: Why and When Did Humans Become More Complex? 69 5: Transition to Food Producers 71 Learning Objectives 71 5.1 Plant and Animal Domestication 71 5.2. Dog Domestication 75 5.3 Eurasian Steppe Pastoralists 77 5.4 Bringing It Together 78 Discussion Questions 79 Recommended Videos 79 Related Readings 79 Key Terms and Concepts 79 6: Early Agricultural Societies 81 Learning Objectives 81 6.1 Fertile Crescent 81 6.2 Mesolithic and Neolithic Europe 85 6.3. Bringing It Together 90 Discussion Questions 90 Recommended Videos 91 Related Readings 91 Key Terms and Concepts 91 7: Early Cities and Writing in Mesopotamia 93 Learning Objectives 93 Key Terms and Concepts 93 7.1 Sumeria 93 7.2 Akkadia 96 7.3 Babylonia 97 7.4 Assyria 98 7.5 Bringing It Together 99 Discussion Questions 100 Recommended Videos 100 Related Readings 100 Key Terms and Concepts 100 8: Enigmatic Egypt 103 Learning Objectives 103 8.1 Predynastic Egypt 103 8.2 Egyptian Dynasties 106 8.3. Bringing It Together 109 Discussion Questions 110 Recommended Videos 110 Related Readings 110 Key Terms and Concepts 110 9: Mediterranean Cultures 113 Learning Objectives 113 9.1 Minoan 113 9.2 Mycenae and Troy 117 9.3 Etruscan 118 9.4 Bringing It Together 119 Discussion Questions 120 Related Readings 120 Recommended Videos 120 Key Terms and Concepts 120 Part III: What Are the Consequences of Increased Social Complexity? 123 10: Japan and China’s Dynastic Period 125 Learning Objectives 125 10.1 Early Cultures in Japan 125 10.2 Early Cultures in China 127 10.3 Imperial China 128 10.4 Bringing It Together 131 Discussion Questions 131 Recommended Videos 131 Related Readings 131 Key Terms and Concepts 132 11: Indus Valley and Angkor Cultures 135 Learning Objectives 135 11.1 Indus Valley Civilization 135 11.2 Indus Valley Cities 138 11.3. Maurya 140 11.4. Southeast Asia—Angkor 141 11.5. Bringing It Together 142 Discussion Questions 143 Recommended Videos 144 Related Readings 144 Key Terms and Concepts 144 12: Native American Cultures 147 Learning Objectives 147 12.1 Archaic Period 147 12.2 Agriculture, Sedentism, and Mounds 149 12.3 Mississippian Societies 151 12.4. Southwest Complexity 153 12.5. Bringing It Together 155 Discussion Questions 156 Recommended Videos 156 Related Readings 156 Key Terms and Concepts 157 13: Olmec, Maya, and Aztec 161 Learning Objectives 161 13.1 Early Mesoamerica 161 13.2 Teotihuacan 163 13.3 The Maya 165 13.4 Aztec Empire 167 13.5. Bringing It Together 169 Discussion Questions 170 Recommended Videos 170 Related Readings 170 Key Terms and Concepts 171 14: Inca and Their Ancestors 175 Learning Objectives 175 14.1 Early South America 175 14.2 Predecessors of the Inca 177 14.3 Inca Empire 179 14.4 Bringing It Together 182 Discussion Questions 183 Recommended Videos 183 Related Readings 183 Key Terms and Concepts 183 References Cited 187 Index 197 1–1. Image of Edward B. Tylor, one of the Founders of American Anthropology (Image by Beao). 10 1–2. Horse painting from Lascaux Cave, in France, dating to around 17,000 years ago. 11 1–3. Map of the Egyptian Empire showing the extent of the civilization during the Middle Kingdom. 14 1-4. French prehistorian Jacques Tixier teaches a student how to make a stone tool by flintknapping (image by Jose-Manuel Benito Alvarez). 15 1–5. Example of Egyptian mummy affected by tuberculosis (http://catalogue.wellcomelibrary.org/record=b1080628). 16 1–6. Excavations at Tavşan Adası, a site on an island off the coast of Turkey (image by François Bertemes). 18 1–7. Reconstruction of stone dagger with wooden handle and fiber and leather sheath found with Otzi (“The Ice Man”) in Italy (by Archäoautor–Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons. wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=55914349). 19 1–8. Seriation of Moche ceramic vessels from South America showing the change in style over time. 20 2–1. Map of Africa with locations of key hominini fossils. 26 2–2. Skull of Sahelanthropus tchadensis, one of the basal hominins LIST OF FIGURES OF LIST (image by Didier Descouens). 28 2–3. Skeleton of the basal hominin, Ardipithecus ramidus. 28 2–4. Australopithecus afarensis skeleton known as “Lucy.” 29 2–5. Skull of Paranthropus boisei, one of the robust hominins (image by Durova). 31 2–6. Oldowan pebble chopper, the earliest stone tool type (image by Didier Descouens). 32 2–7. Homo erectus specimen known as “Turkana Boy” (image by Claire Houck). 32 2–8. Acheulean tools, used by Homo erectus, from Kent, UK. 33 3–1. A map of Eurasia showing the location of the ice sheets during the Pleistocene epoch. 40 3–2. Skull of Homo heidelbergensis from Sima de los Huesos, Spain (image by Rept0n1x). 41 x | Prehistoric World Cultures 3–3. Skull of Homo neanderthalensis, dating from thirty thousand to fifty thousand years ago (image by Anagoria). 42 3–4. An example of a Levallois core, made by Neanderthals. 43 3–5. Neanderthal burial at Kebara Cave, Israel. 44 3–6. A finger bone from a Denisovan, found in Denisova Cave, Siberia. 45 3–7. Skuhl V, a modern human skull from Qafzeh Cave, Israel (image by Wapondaponda). 46 3–8. Male Cro-Magnon skull (modern human) from Bichon Cave, Switzerland (image by Latenium). 47 3–9. An atlatl (spear thrower) used by ancient people to throw spears farther and more accurately. Made from bone, antler, or wood. 47 3–10. The Venus of Willendorf, the most famous example of a female figurine from the Late Paleolithic period (image by Mathias Kabel). 48 3–11. Image of extinct Elk stag (Megaloceros) with abstract design from the Late Paleolithic period. 49 3–12. Human and bird figure in shaft panel from the cave art site of Lascaux, France (image by Peter80). 49 4–1. Map of the Sahul and Sunda landmasses, showing the coastlines of Southeast Asia and Australia during the last Ice Age (image by Maximilian Dörrbecker). 56 4–2. Skull from Peru showing cranial deformation that was also practiced in Australia. Cranial deformation was a purposeful reshaping of the cranium in early childhood to show status or cultural affiliation (image by Didier Descouens). 58 4–3. Rock art of Indigenous Australian cultures from Namadgi National Park, Australia (image by Martyman at English Language Wikipedia). 58 4–4. Map of North America showing the extent of the ice sheets during the Pleistocene epoch.