PERMAFROST Bob Carson June 2007 LAKE LINNEVATNET THE ACTIVE LAYER IS FROZEN ACTIVE LAYER PERMAFROST YUKON TERMS • PERMAFROST • PERIGLACIAL • \ • PATTERNED GROUND • POLYGONS • PALS • PINGO • ROCK GLACIER • THERMOKARST YAKIMA HILLS PROCESSES • FREEZE-THAW • FROST CRACK • FROST SHATTER • FROST HEAVE • FROST SHOVE • FROST SORT • CREEP • SOLIFLUCTION • NIVATION BEARTOOTH MOUNTAINS FROST CRACK • LOW-TEMPERATURE CONTRACTION ALASKA PHOTO BY RUTH SCHMIDT FROST SHATTER • WATER EXPANDS DURING FREEZING VATNAJOKULL KHARKHIRAA UUL FROST HEAVE FROST PUSH vs. FROST PULL CAIRNGORM FROST SHOVE GREENLAND PHOTO BY W.E. DAVIES FROST SORT SWEDISH LAPLAND PHOTO BY JAN BOELHOUWERS C R E E P SHARPE 1938 SOLIFLUCTION SOLIFLUCTION LOBES HANGAY NURUU NIVATION NIVATION HOLLOWS PALOUSE HILLS LANDFORMS WITH ICE ALASKA PHOTO BY SKIP WALKER AUFEIS KHARKHIRRA UUL HANGAY NURUU ICE WEDGES sis.agr.gc.ca/.../ground ICE-WEDGE POLYGONS res.agr.canada PALSEN HANGAY NURUU PALSEN FIELD OGILVIE MOUNTAINS PINGOES BEAUFORT COAST ALASKA PHOTO BY H.J.A. Berendsen ougseurope.org/rockon/surface/img PINGOES IN CANADIAN ARCTIC www.rekel.nl www.mbari.org www.arctic.uoguelph.ca VICTORIA ISLAND PHOTO BY A. L. WASHBURN ROCK GLACIERS GALENA CREEK ROCK GLACIERS GALENA CREEK ROCK GLACIERS GRAYWOLF RIDGE THERMOKARST YUKON THERMOKARST ALASKA ICE-WEDGE TRENCH YUKON ICE-WEDGE TRENCH ALASKA PHOTO BY JOE MOORE BEADED DRAINAGE ALASKA PHOTO BY RUTH SCHMIDT THAW LAKES PRUDOE BAY THAW LAKES ALASKA PHOTO BY ART REMPEL MORE PERIGLACIAL LANDFORMS SPITSBERGEN PHOTO BY BEN SCHUPACK WHITMAN ‘07 BLOCK FIELDS RINGING ROCKS BLOCK SLOPES BLOCK FIELD TALUS BLOCK SLOPE ELKHORN MOUNTAINS BLOCK STREAMS SAN FRANCISCO MOUNTAINS 11 June 2007 BLOCK STREAMS HANGAY NURUU CRYOPLANATION TERRACES HANGAY NURUU CRYOPLANATION TERRACES NIVATION TOR SOLIFLUCTION HANGAY NURUU PATTERNED GROUND: COMPONENTS FINES STONES HANGAY NURUU STONES: PEBBLES COBBLES BOULDERS FINES: CLAY, SILT, SAND PATTERNED GROUND: HANGAY COMPONENTS NURUU PATTERNED GROUND: CLASSIFICATION • SLOPE: HORIZONTAL± vs. SLOPING • SORTING: SORTED vs. NONSORTED KHARKHIRAA UUL BEARTOOTH MOUNTAINS SORTED STONE SLOPES STRIPES YAKIMA HILLS NONSORTED STONE STRIPES SEWARD PENINSULA PHOTO BY RUTH SCHMIDT STONE STEPS = TERRACETTES • GEOLOGIC? MASS WASTING? • BIOLOGIC? LARGE MAMMALS? IMNAHA PAT O’HARA MOUNTAIN DARHAD DEPRESSION WALLULA GAP TUCANNON VALLEY HORIZONTAL± GROUND NON-SORTED CIRCLES AMMASSALIK KHARKHIRAA UUL SORTED CIRCLE COTOPAXI SVALBARD PHOTO BY BERNARD HALLET YAKIMA HILLS SORTED POLYGONS BEARTOTH PASS BEARTOOTH PASS NON-SORTED POLYGONS GREENLAND PHOTO BY W.E. DAVIES MIMA PRAIRIE MIMA PRAIRIE BEN SHUPACK WHITMAN ’07 THANK YOU! ON SPITSBERGEN .