Gender-Based Violence Oxfam GB Oxfam GB, founded in 1942, is a development, humanitarian, and campaigning agency dedicated to finding lasting solutions to poverty and suffering around the world. Oxfam believes that every human being is entitled to a life of dignity and opportunity, and it works with others worldwide to make this become a reality. Oxfam GB is a member of Oxfam International, a confederation of 13 agencies of diverse cultures and languages, which share a commitment to working for an end to injustice and poverty – both in long-term development work and at times of crisis. For further information about Oxfam’s publishing, and online ordering, visit www.oxfam.org.uk/publications For information about Oxfam’s development, advocacy, and humanitarian relief work around the world, visit www.oxfam.org.uk . Gender-Based Violence Edited by Geraldine Terry with Joanna Hoare First published by Oxfam GB in 2007 This edition © Oxfam GB 2007 The original source for each item in this book is provided at the end of each chapter. Original copyright information is on the Acknowledgements page (vi) which is part of the copyright notice for this book. ISBN 978-0-85598-602-5 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. All rights reserved. Reproduction, copy, transmission, or translation of any part of this publication may be made only under the following conditions: • with the prior written permission of the publisher; or • with a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE, UK, or from another national licensing agency; or • for quotation in a review of the work; or • under the terms set out below. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for teaching purposes, but not for resale. 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Published by Oxfam GB, Oxfam House, John Smith Drive, Cowley, Oxford, OX4 2JY, UK Printed by Information Press, Eynsham. Inners printed on recycled paper made from 100% post-consumer waste. Cover printed on FSC accredited 75% recycled paper. Oxfam GB is a registered charity, no. 202 918, and is a member of Oxfam International. Working in Gender and Development The Working in Gender and Development book series brings together themed selections of the best articles from the journal Gender & Development and other Oxfam publications, repackaged in book form to reach a wide audience of development practitioners and policy makers, and students and academics. Titles in this series present the theory and practice of gender-oriented development in a way that records experience, describes good practice, and shares information about resources. As such, they will contribute to and review current thinking on the gender dimensions of particular development and relief issues. Forthcoming titles include: HIV and AIDS South Asia v Acknowledgements All materials in this book other than those listed below are copyright © Oxfam GB 2007. The following items, which have been previously published as indicated, are copyrighted as shown. ‘Negotiating violence and non-violence in Cambodian marriages’ (pages 56–69) by Rebecca Surtees, first published in Gender & Development Volume 11, Number 2, July 2003, copyright © Oxfam GB 2003. ‘Social policy from the bottom up: abandoning FGC in sub-Saharan Africa’ (pages 70–85 by Peter Easton, Karen Monkman, and Rebecca Miles, first published in Development in Practice Volume 13, Number 5, November 2003, copyright © Oxfam GB 2003. ‘Reducing poverty and upholding human rights: a pragmatic approach’ (pages 133–140) by Meena Poudel and Ines Smyth, first published in Gender & Development Volume 10, Number 1, March 2002, copyright © Oxfam GB 2002. ‘A tale of two cities: shifting the paradigm of anti-trafficking programmes’ (pages 141–153) by Smarajit Jana, Nandinee Bandyopadhyay, Mrinal Kanti Dutta, and Amitrajit Saha, first published in Gender & Development Volume 10, Number 1, March 2002, copyright © Oxfam GB 2002 vi Gender-Based Violence Contents Introduction xiii Geraldine Terry 1 Tackling violence against women: a worldwide approach 1 Ceri Hayes 2 Gender-based violence and property grabbing in Africa: a denial of women’s liberty and security 14 Kaori Izumi 3 No more killings! Women respond to femicides in Central America 26 Marina Prieto-Carrón, Marilyn Thomson, and Mandy Macdonald 4 Sexual violence during firewood collection: income-generation as protection in displaced settings 43 Sarah K. Chynoweth with Erin M. Patrick 5 Negotiating violence and non-violence in Cambodian marriages 56 Rebecca Surtees 6 Social policy from the bottom up: abandoning FGC in sub-Saharan Africa 70 Peter Easton, Karen Monkman, and Rebecca Miles 7 Constructing an alternative masculine identity: the experience of the Centro Bartolomé de las Casas and Oxfam America in El Salvador 86 Susan Bird, Rutilio Delgado, Larry Madrigal, John Bayron Ochoa, and Walberto Tejeda 8 ‘We Can’: transforming power in relationships in South Asia 97 Mona Mehta and Chitra Gopalakrishnan 9 Gender violence in schools: taking the ‘girls-as-victims’ discourse forward 106 Fiona Leach and Sara Humphreys 10 Gender-based violence in and around schools in conflict and humanitarian contexts 121 Jackie Kirk 11 Reducing poverty and upholding human rights: a pragmatic approach 133 Meena Poudel and Ines Smyth 12 A tale of two cities: shifting the paradigm of anti-trafficking programmes 141 Smarajit Jana, Nandinee Bandyopadhyay, Mrinal Kanti Dutta, and Amitrajit Saha Conclusion 154 Geraldine Terry Resources 164 Julieanne Porter Index 188 List of Contributors Nandinee Bandyopadhyay is Associate Director for PATH, India, looking after PATH’s HIV programmes in India. Susan Bird is the Regional Director of Oxfam America for Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean, based in El Salvador. She holds a master’s degree in Intercultural Management and Sustainable Development. Sarah Chynoweth is the Reproductive Health Program Manager at the Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. She works to improve the lives and defend the rights of refugee and internally displaced women, children, and youth and works to ensure that their voices are heard from the community level to the highest councils of governments and international organisations. Rutilio Delgado is the Coordinator of the Cooperative Games and Education for Peace Program, and member of the Masculinities Team of Centro Bartolomé de las Casas. Mrinal Kanti Dutta is Programme Director at Durbar. Peter Easton is Associate Professor in the Graduate Program in Socio- Cultural and International Development Education at Florida State University. He has worked for many years in adult and community education in Africa and in the evaluation of development programmes. Chitra Gopalakrishnan is a development consultant who assists with all the communication initiatives of the ‘We Can’ campaign. Ceri Hayes is Senior Programmes & Policy Manager at WOMANKIND Worldwide. WOMANKIND Worldwide is a UK-based international women’s human rights and development organisation, established in 1989, which works with partner organisations around the world to promote women’s rights and tackle gender inequality. ix Joanna Hoare was Acting Editor on Gender & Development journal between July 2006 and June 2007. She has an MSc in Gender and Development from the London School of Economics and Political Science, and has a particular interest in issues around gender, citizenship, and conflict in the former Soviet Union. Sara Humphreys is a visiting lecturer at the University of Sussex, UK. Previously, she has worked in Botswana, Ecuador, and Namibia as a teacher and teacher educator. Her research interests are in gender and school processes and qualitative research methods. Kaori Izumi is the HIV and Rural Development Officer at the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Rome. Her work includes research, programming, and policy advice on the issues of land reform, land tenure, HIV and AIDS, and women’s and children’s property rights and livelihoods. She is a member of the Global Coalition on AIDS and Women established by UNAIDS and partners, under which FAO and the International Centre for Research on Women co-convened the Global Coalition on AIDS and Women’s Property Rights. Smarajit Jana is currently working as an adviser to National AIDS Control Programme in India and is the Chief Adviser for Durbar. Jackie Kirk is a specialist in education in emergencies and reconstruction, with a particular focus on gender and teachers. She works part-time as an adviser to the International Rescue Committee and is a research associate/consultant with the McGill Centre for Research and Teaching on Women, working on a number of research, writing, and other projects related to gender, education, conflict, and peacebuilding. Jackie convenes the Gender Task Team of the Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies. Fiona Leach is senior lecturer in international education at the University of Sussex, UK. She has worked in the field of education and development for many years, and before becoming an academic was a teacher and education adviser in Africa.