The ‘typographical manifesto’ Blackletter/roman typeface variation as a social practice in Germany Dr. Jürgen Spitzmüller University of Zurich · Department of German Studies Conference “Biscriptality – sociolinguistic and cultural scenarios” Heidelberg, September 19, 2011 The ‘Bunˇci´c-Lippert-Rabus-Matrix’ (http://www.biscriptality.org/concept/) The ‘typographical manifesto’ Jürgen Spitzmüller Script Typeface Orthography (Zurich) digraphia diglyphia diorthographia Delimitations medieval Russian medieval Emergence ‘vertical’ Scandinavia: (18th/19th c.): Novgorod: Type and runes vs. Latin Old Cyrillic vs. standard vs. Confession alphabet civil script vernacular Nationalization scriptal typeface orthogr. Re-Semiotization pluricentricity pluricentricity pluricentricity Conclusions ‘horizontal’ Hindi-Urdu: Chinese: English: color vs. Devanagari vs. simplified vs. colour etc. Arabic traditional bigraphism biglyphism biorthographism Serbian: Cyrillic German Belarusian: ‘free’ vs. Latin (1464–1941): Narkomauka˘ vs. blackletter vs. Taraškevica roman type 2·32 The ‘Bunˇci´c-Lippert-Rabus-Matrix’ (http://www.biscriptality.org/concept/) The ‘typographical manifesto’ Jürgen Spitzmüller Script Typeface Orthography (Zurich) digraphia diglyphia diorthographia Delimitations medieval Russian medieval Emergence ‘vertical’ Scandinavia: (18th/19th c.): Novgorod: Type and runes vs. Latin Old Cyrillic vs. standard vs. Confession alphabet civil script vernacular Nationalization scriptal typeface orthogr. Re-Semiotization pluricentricity pluricentricity pluricentricity Conclusions ‘horizontal’ Hindi-Urdu: Chinese: English: color vs. Devanagari vs. simplified vs. colour etc. Arabic traditional bigraphism biglyphism biorthographism Serbian: Cyrillic German Belarusian: ‘free’ vs. Latin (1464–1941): Narkomauka˘ vs. blackletter vs. Taraškevica roman type 2·32 The ‘Bunˇci´c-Lippert-Rabus-Matrix’ (http://www.biscriptality.org/concept/) The ‘typographical manifesto’ Jürgen Spitzmüller Script Typeface Orthography (Zurich) digraphia diglyphia diorthographia Delimitations medieval Russian medieval Emergence ‘vertical’ Scandinavia: (18th/19th c.): Novgorod: Type and runes vs. Latin Old Cyrillic vs. standard vs. Confession alphabet civil script vernacular Nationalization scriptal typeface orthogr. Re-Semiotization pluricentricity pluricentricity pluricentricity Conclusions ‘horizontal’ Hindi-Urdu: Chinese: English: color vs. Devanagari vs. simplified vs. colour etc. Arabic traditional bigraphism biglyphism biorthographism Serbian: Cyrillic German Belarusian: ‘free’ vs. Latin (1464–1941): Narkomauka˘ vs. blackletter vs. Taraškevica roman type 2·32 The ‘Bunˇci´c-Lippert-Rabus-Matrix’ (http://www.biscriptality.org/concept/) The ‘typographical manifesto’ Jürgen Spitzmüller Script Typeface Orthography (Zurich) digraphia diglyphia diorthographia Delimitations medieval Russian medieval Emergence ‘vertical’ Scandinavia: (18th/19th c.): Novgorod: Type and runes vs. Latin Old Cyrillic vs. standard vs. Confession alphabet civil script vernacular Nationalization scriptal typeface orthogr. Re-Semiotization pluricentricity pluricentricity pluricentricity Conclusions ‘horizontal’ Hindi-Urdu: Chinese: English: color vs. Devanagari vs. simplified vs. colour etc. Arabic traditional bigraphism biglyphism biorthographism Serbian: Cyrillic German Belarusian: ‘free’ vs. Latin (1464–1941): Narkomauka˘ vs. blackletter vs. Taraškevica roman type 2·32 The ‘Bunˇci´c-Lippert-Rabus-Matrix’ (http://www.biscriptality.org/concept/) The ‘typographical manifesto’ Jürgen Spitzmüller Script Typeface Orthography (Zurich) digraphia diglyphia diorthographia Delimitations medieval Russian medieval Emergence ‘vertical’ Scandinavia: (18th/19th c.): Novgorod: Type and runes vs. Latin Old Cyrillic vs. standard vs. Confession alphabet civil script vernacular Nationalization scriptal typeface orthogr. Re-Semiotization pluricentricity pluricentricity pluricentricity Conclusions ‘horizontal’ Hindi-Urdu: Chinese: English: color vs. Devanagari vs. simplified vs. colour etc. Arabic traditional bigraphism biglyphism biorthographism Serbian: Cyrillic German Belarusian: ‘free’ vs. Latin (1464–1941): Narkomauka˘ vs. blackletter vs. Taraškevica roman type 2·32 The ‘Bunˇci´c-Lippert-Rabus-Matrix’ (http://www.biscriptality.org/concept/) The ‘typographical manifesto’ Jürgen Spitzmüller Script Typeface Orthography (Zurich) digraphia diglyphia diorthographia Delimitations medieval Russian medieval Emergence ‘vertical’ Scandinavia: (18th/19th c.): Novgorod: Type and runes vs. Latin Old Cyrillic vs. standard vs. Confession alphabet civil script vernacular Nationalization scriptal typeface orthogr. Re-Semiotization pluricentricity pluricentricity pluricentricity Conclusions ‘horizontal’ Hindi-Urdu: Chinese: English: color vs. Devanagari vs. simplified vs. colour etc. Arabic traditional bigraphism biglyphism biorthographism Serbian: Cyrillic German Belarusian: ‘free’ vs. Latin (1464–1941): Narkomauka˘ vs. blackletter vs. Taraškevica roman type 2·32 Blackletter vs. Roman The ‘typographical manifesto’ Jürgen Spitzmüller (Zurich) Blackletter variants: (Some) Roman variants: Delimitations Renaiss.-Antiqua Emergence Textura Type and Confession Klass. Antiqua Nationalization Rotunda Re-Semiotization Conclusions Grotesk SchwabacherBastarda Egyptienne Fraktur ITALIENNE Clarendon 3·32 Basic Classification/Terminology (selective) The ‘typographical manifesto’ Jürgen Spitzmüller (Zurich) Latin-Alphabet Typefaces Terminology Delimitations Emergence Blackletter Roman Type genre Type and (Gebrochene Schriften) (Antiqua) (Schriftgattung) Confession Nationalization Re-Semiotization Textura Rotunda Schwabacher Fraktur Humanist Modern Serif Sans Serif Slab Serif Type style (Ren.-Antiq.) (Klass. Antiq.) (Grotesk) (Egyptienne) (Schriftart) Conclusions Weiß- Wallau Garamond Bembo Type family Rundgotisch (Schriftfamilie) Typeface (eigtl. Schriftbild) Garamond Garamond Garamond Type shape Medium Bold Italic (Schriftschnitt) 4·32 Basic Classification/Terminology (selective) The ‘typographical manifesto’ Jürgen Spitzmüller (Zurich) Latin-Alphabet Typefaces Terminology Delimitations Emergence Blackletter Roman Type genre Type and (Gebrochene Schriften) (Antiqua) (Schriftgattung) Confession Nationalization Re-Semiotization Textura Rotunda Schwabacher Fraktur Humanist Modern Serif Sans Serif Slab Serif Type style (Ren.-Antiq.) (Klass. Antiq.) (Grotesk) (Egyptienne) (Schriftart) Conclusions Weiß- Wallau Garamond Bembo Type family Rundgotisch (Schriftfamilie) Typeface (eigtl. Schriftbild) Garamond Garamond Garamond Type shape Medium Bold Italic (Schriftschnitt) 4·32 Graphe(ma)tic issues (see Killius 1999: 117–126) The ‘typographical manifesto’ Jürgen Spitzmüller (Zurich) Delimitations Emergence Type and § Use and regularity of <ſ>/<s> Confession § Number of ligatures (e. g. <ck>, <ch>, <ll> and <tz>) Nationalization Re-Semiotization § (Diachronic) occurrence of <ß> Conclusions § Substitutional distribution of <i>/<j> and <u>/<v> § Capitalization practices (e. g. GOtt der HErre) 5·32 Graphe(ma)tic issues (see Killius 1999: 117–126) The ‘typographical manifesto’ Jürgen Spitzmüller (Zurich) Delimitations Emergence Type and § Use and regularity of <ſ>/<s> Confession § Number of ligatures (e. g. <ck>, <ch>, <ll> and <tz>) Nationalization Re-Semiotization § (Diachronic) occurrence of <ß> Conclusions § Substitutional distribution of <i>/<j> and <u>/<v> § Capitalization practices (e. g. GOtt der HErre) 5·32 Graphe(ma)tic issues (see Killius 1999: 117–126) The ‘typographical manifesto’ Jürgen Spitzmüller (Zurich) Delimitations Emergence Type and § Use and regularity of <ſ>/<s> Confession § Number of ligatures (e. g. <ck>, <ch>, <ll> and <tz>) Nationalization Re-Semiotization § (Diachronic) occurrence of <ß> Conclusions § Substitutional distribution of <i>/<j> and <u>/<v> § Capitalization practices (e. g. GOtt der HErre) 5·32 Graphe(ma)tic issues (see Killius 1999: 117–126) The ‘typographical manifesto’ Jürgen Spitzmüller (Zurich) Delimitations Emergence Type and § Use and regularity of <ſ>/<s> Confession § Number of ligatures (e. g. <ck>, <ch>, <ll> and <tz>) Nationalization Re-Semiotization § (Diachronic) occurrence of <ß> Conclusions § Substitutional distribution of <i>/<j> and <u>/<v> § Capitalization practices (e. g. GOtt der HErre) 5·32 Graphe(ma)tic issues (see Killius 1999: 117–126) The ‘typographical manifesto’ Jürgen Spitzmüller (Zurich) Delimitations Emergence Type and § Use and regularity of <ſ>/<s> Confession § Number of ligatures (e. g. <ck>, <ch>, <ll> and <tz>) Nationalization Re-Semiotization § (Diachronic) occurrence of <ß> Conclusions § Substitutional distribution of <i>/<j> and <u>/<v> § Capitalization practices (e. g. GOtt der HErre) 5·32 The ‘typographical manifesto’ Jürgen Spitzmüller (Zurich) Delimitations Göttinger B 42 Emergence [1454/56], Type and Confession Bd. 1, fol. 005r Nationalization (Source: Re-Semiotization Niedersächsische Conclusions Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, via http://www. gutenbergdigital.de) 6·32 The ‘typographical manifesto’ Jürgen Spitzmüller (Zurich) Delimitations Göttinger B 42 Emergence [1454/56], Type and Confession Bd. 1, fol. 005r Nationalization (Source: Re-Semiotization Niedersächsische Conclusions Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, via http://www. gutenbergdigital.de) 6·32 The ‘typographical manifesto’ Jürgen Spitzmüller (Zurich) Delimitations Emergence Type and Confession Nationalization Re-Semiotization Conclusions Ablassbrief (letter of indulgence), typeset by Gutenberg, 1455 (Source: