Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60046-0 - The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country James L. Newell Index More information Index Note: Page numbers in italic refer to Figures; those in bold refer to Tables and Appendix; those in bold italic refer to Boxes Abbas, Ferhat, Algerian nationalist Badoglio, Marshal Pietro 22, 23 leader 344 Banfield, Edward 156 accountability, of independent authorities social capital study 155–6 137, 138 Bassanini Laws (1997) 93, 103, 132 Acerbo Law 19 behaviouralism 145, 146 Achille Lauro cruise ship 162, 336 Berlin Wall, fall of (1989), actions, of individuals 147, 177 nn. 1 effect on Italian politics 9, 31 administrative justice 305, 316 n. 17 see also Cold War agencies (para-statali) 100–2 Berlusconi, Silvio 1, 37, 348, 349 autonomous administrations and 2001 elections 39, 348 (amministrazioni autonome) 101 2001 government 75 enti pubblici 101 and 2006 elections 239 executive 135–7, 136 and 2008 elections 73, 243–5 new (1997) 132 2008 government 97, 247 state holding companies 101 ambition and populism 73, 78 n. 11 Agip petroleum company 343 appointment of ministers 56 agriculture, and Confindustria 184 Common Agricultural Policy 330, 330 and constitutional reform 69, 70, 72 in south 15 corruption charges 161–3 Albania, crisis (1997) 105, 329 and Craxi 36, 196 Algeria 344 and EU 338, 339 Alleanza Nazionale (AN) see National and foreign policy 348–9 Alliance and Forza Italia 35–7, 36–7, 174, 223–5 Amato, Giuliano, Prime Minister 34, 300 international reaction to election (2001) 348 fourth government 39 judicial investigations 68, 70 ‘amoral familism’ 155, 156, 178 n. 6 as Prime Minister (1994) 37, 44, 58, 78 n. 5 Andreotti, Giulio, and trade unions 187 and Caltagirone brothers 197 see also Casa delle Liberta` life senator 60 Bologna, PCI rule in 64 anti-communism 26, 234 Bonomi, Ivanoe, Prime Minister 23 as central component of Fascism 20 Bosnia, crisis (1992-95) 328 and fall of Berlin Wall 31 Bossi, Umberto, Northern League 37, 41, and foreign policy 331 174, 243 US support for 332 Bretton Woods system, end of 266 see also Italian Communist Party Britain, and Italian unification 12 anti-fascism 152 budget, annual, anticipated reactions, law of 181, 182 and Finance bills 129 Arab nationalism 343, 344 planning document 130 Arab-Israeli conflict 342 reform of procedure 130–1 Austria 348 see also Finance Law Austro-Hungarian Empire 11 bureaucracy 125–9 Autonomia operaia, extremist group 199 administrative reorganisation 132–4 Avanti!, Socialist party newspaper 20 and appointment of senior officials 127–8 Azienda sanitarie locali (ASL) 301 and executive 121 373 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60046-0 - The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country James L. Newell Index More information Index bureaucracy (cont.) centre-right parties, and executive control over budget 128–9 and 2008 elections 243 independence 110 and church attendance 232 and interest groups 110, 193 ‘coalition makers’ 222–5 legalism in 124 coalitions 212–13 party patronage in 28 effect of return to proportional and policy implementation 110 representation on 213, 225 power of 110 ideological heterogeneity 218–220 power to reorganise 126 see also National Alliance (AN); Christian reform of administration (1980s) 129–35 Democratic Party (DC); Forza Italia reform of senior appointments 134 (FI); La Destra; Northern League (LN); relationship to Parliament 135–8 Democratic Party (PD); People of terms and conditions of employment Freedom (PdL); Union of Christian 126, 131 Democrats (UDC) Weberian principles of 137 CGIL trade union confederation 184, 187 ‘bureaucratic capture’, of ministers Chamber of Deputies 59 100, 121 2001 elections 236 elections to 59 cabinet see Council of Ministers Charles Albert, king of Piedmont 11 Calamandrei, Piero, jurist 52 Chiaromonte study (Banfield) 155–6 Caltagirone brothers 197 Chiti, Vannino 74 Camera dei Fasci e delle Corporazioni 20 Christian democracy 218 candidate-centred campaigning 226, 226 Christian Democratic Centre-Christian Casa delle Liberta` coalition 212 Democratic Union (CCD-CDU) 2001 election 38, 39 38, 212 2006 election 1 Christian Democratic Party (DC) 24, 25, 27 see also Berlusconi, Silvio alliances 26 Cassese reforms (1993) 131 and Coldiretti 190 Catholic Church, and democratic patriotism 151 challenge to democracy 203–5 fear of leftist parties 64, 234 and confessional state 203 and legislature 111 declining influence 205 and Northern League 31 influence on electoral participation 16, prime ministers 122 18, 204 privileged relations of Church influence in party politics 206 with 202 as interest group 202–7 regional support 229 Lateran Pacts (1929) 204 role in coalitions 191 legacy of confessional state 203–5 successor parties 42, 212 membership 206 Christianity, as social identity 218 and moral controversies 205 Central Intelligence Agency (USA) 105 obstruction to unification 16 Ciampi, Carlo Azeglio, political influence 30 and 1993 protocollo 186 present role 205–7 life senator 60 social welfare role 206 and national patriotism 152 and voting behaviour 229, 231–4, 233 as President 57, 59, 78 n. 6 Catholic People’s Party 19 Prime Minister 35 Cavour, Camillo di 14 circoscrizioni (municipal subdivisions) 94 and Garibaldi 13 CISL, Catholic trade union confederation and Unification 11–13 185, 187 centre-left parties, civil rights 285 and 2006 election 236–40 and judicial policy 304–14 ‘coalition makers’ 220–2 and judicial system 306 coalitions 213–16 class, and voting behaviour 230, 232 ideological heterogeneity 217–18, 218 clientela, privileged relations with agencies 193 primary elections 222, 223 clientelism 28, 30, 86, 87, 157–9 see also Green Party; Italy of Values (IdV); and corruption 31 Italian Socialist Party (PSI); Left and emergence of Northern League 31 Democrats (DS); Margherita; Party of and interest groups 196 Italian Communists (PdCI); Radicals; and systemic corruption 32 Communist Refoundation (RC);Union of ‘virtuous’ 159 Democrats for Europe (UDEUR); Unione coalition governments, centre-periphery relationship 86–95 2006 government 240–2 impact of party politics on 86–9 and policy-making 125 374 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60046-0 - The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country James L. Newell Index More information Index veto players in 117 implementation problems 64 and weakness of prime ministers 75 institutional arrangements 53–54 coalition instability 216–25 and national integration 151 absence of ‘coalition makers’, and passage of legislation 28 centre left 220–2 pressure for reform 40, 64–8 centre right 222–5 provision for amendment 53–5, 194 centre-left ideological heterogeneity 217–18 Constitutional Court 53, 64, 306 centre-right ideological heterogeneity and 1998 reforms of code of criminal 218–220 procedure 312 fragmentary character 216–17 ‘binding interpretations’ 194 leadership 221, 226 and policy-making 194 precariousness of governments 26, 28, powers of 61, 194 74–5, 116–17 and regional legislative powers 83 coalitions 212–16 ruling on economic and social rights 52 centre-left 213–16 constitutional reform 46 n. 7 centre-right 212–13 1994 election and aftermath 67–8 second republican period 40 1999 reforms 82 and ‘third force’ parties 237 2001 (on distribution of responsibilities) 93 at Unification 16 Berlusconi’s attempt (2005) 72 Cold War 322–3, 350 and emergence of Northern League 66 and exclusion of extremes 26 failure of Commission (1996) 69–71 ideological divide 25, 173 future of 72–6 post-Cold War period 324–5 need for majority support of legislators 69 US nuclear umbrella 332–5 notion of regime transition 66 Coldiretti, peasant proprietors’ organisation pressure for 40, 64–8, 72 25, 190 public dissatisfaction 65–6 collective responsibility, of cabinet 56 risks of 74 Colombo, Emilio, life senator 60 and sub-national units 81 Comitato Nazionale per la Valutazione del contractualism 138 Sistemo Universitario 276 Cordero di Montezemolo, Luca, president Commission for Constitutional Reform of Confindustria 184 (1996), 42, 68 corporatism 182 failure of 69–71 as central component of Fascism 20 obstacles to reform 68–9 corruption 32–3 Committee for National Liberation (CLN) 23 and ‘Mani pulite’ investigations 32, 160 committees, role in Parliament 28, 111, 190 and clientelism 31 Communist Refoundation (Rifondazione definitions 164 Comunista, RC) 31, 41, 214, 215, 217 and interest groups 196 Communist/Socialist CGIL trade union Mafia 164–7 confederation 185 political 159–63 communitarianism 218 relative position of Italy 163–4 company law 278–80 revelations after 1992 election 9 ‘concertation’ (decision-making through Corte dei Conti (Public Audit Office) 306 consensus) 185, 186–9 Cortemaggiore, oilfield 343 concurrent powers 63 Cossiga, Francesco, President 59, 60 confessional state, Cotonou Agreement (2000) 330 legacy of 203–5 Council of Ministers (Consiglio dei Ministri) nature of 203 56, 96 Confindustria (employers’ organisation) 184 appointment of ministers 56, 58 and Ministry of Industry and Commerce collective responsibility 56 184, 193 Council of State, appeals to 305 Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura see Court of Cassation (Corte de Cassazione) 61, High Council of the Judiciary 305, 306 Constituent Assembly (1946-47) 50, 74, 111 role of 307 constitution, Piedmontese 16, 80 ruling on economic and social rights 52 Constitution (1948) 24–5, 50–63, 74, 75, 76–7 Craxi, Bettino, Prime Minister 35, 162, 335 Article 111 312–13 and Achille Lauro affair 336 Article 112 309 and Berlusconi 36, 196 and budgetary decision-making 128 corruption allegations 161 division of political authority 56–61, 111 and Ligresti 197 effect of European integration on 55, 195 power of 122 geographical distribution of authority and public dissatisfaction with 61–3, 81 government 65, 66 375 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60046-0 - The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country James L.