III••••••••••• ~ TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: A STUDY IN COMMUNICATION MONOGRAPH SERIES VOLUME I FIRST STUDIES IN TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: Parts A-D, First Edition [Foundations, A First Study in Transportation Markings: The U.S., International Transportation Markings: Floating & Fixed Marine] University Press of America, 1981 Part A, FOUNDATIONS, Second Edition, Revised & Enlarged Mount Angel Abbey 1991 Parts C & D, INTERNATIONAL MARINE AIDS TO NAVIGATION Second Edition, Revised, Mount Angel Abbey, 1988 VOLUME II FURTHER STUDIES IN TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: Part E, INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES, First Edition Mount Angel Abbey, 1984 Part F, INTERNATIONAL RAILwAY SIGNALS, First Edition, Mount Angel Abbey, 1991 Part G, INTERNATIONAL AERONAUTICAL AIDS TO NAVIGATION, In Preparation Part H, A COMPREHENSIVE CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS Projected ­ • • TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: • A STUDY IN COMMUNICATION • • Volume II F International Railway Signals • • Brian Clearman • Mount Angel Abbey • 1991 • • • •,. Copyright (C) 1991 by Mount Angel Abbey At Saint Benedict, Oregon 97373. All Rights Reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication l?ata Clearman, Brian. International railway signals / Brian Clearman. p. cm. (Transportation markings a study in communication monograph series ; v. 2, pt. F) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-918941-03-2 : $18.95 1. Railroads--Signaling. I. Title. II. Series: Clearman, Brian. Transportation markings i v. 2, pt. F. (TF615 ) 629.04'2 s--dc20 (625. 1'65) 91-67255 CIP ii \, ... : rj '------------- TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface viii Acknowledgements xi Abbreviations vii 28 RAILWAY SIGNALLING: INTRODUCTION, HISTORY AND METHODOLOGY A Introduction, physical Properties & Semiotics of the Signal 1 Introduction 1 2 Physical Properties 2 3 Semiotics of the Signal 6 B Aspects of the History of Railway Signal 1 The Formative Period, 1830-1920 13 2 Further Development, 1920-1980 20 C Methodology of the Monograph 25 29 CLASSIFICATION A The Main Classification 1 Introduction 33 2 Classification of Signals 35 3 Explanatory Notes 3-8 B Variant Classification 1 Introduction 47 • 2 Shape Configuration of Signals 49 3 Illustrations 66 .. 78 • 4 Explanatory Notes iv .. • v 30 COLORS AND MEANINGS 32 PARTIALLY-LIGHTED & UNLIGHTED SIGNALS, SIGNS, MARKINGS & MESSAGES A Toward Basic Principles in Signalling 1 Meanings of Colors 93 A Semaphore Signal: Introduction 2 IUR Princples 96 1 Background, Terminology & 3 The URO System 98 Characteristics . 151 4 British Signal Practice 99 2 Models of the Semaphores: National, 5 North American Signal Practice 110 Regional, & Technical 154 6 European Signal Practices 103 B Messages For Semaphore Signals 159 7 UAR Signal System 105 1 Fully-Integrated Semaphore Signals B Color Usage in Signals, Signs, Markings 2 Partially & Non-Integrated 1 Basic Colors 109 Semaphore Models . 162 2 Signal Colors: Combinations . 112 C Signal Boards 3 Less-Used Colors . 116 1 Terminology, Types and Locations 165 4 Color Usage in Combination with Non- 2 Messages 168 Color Symbols . 118 D Graphic & Geometric Signals 1 Terminology, Types of Signals & 31 ALL-LIGHTED SIGNALS AND MESSAGES Functions 175 2 Geometric Signals 177 A Types of Signals 3 Graphic Signals 180 1 Color-Light Signals: Forms And E Messages for Geometric & Graphic Configurations 123 Signals 2 Semaphoric Signals in All-Lighted 1 Graphic Signals: Rotating & Forms: position & Color-Position 128 Revolving Discs & Panels . 184 3 Cab Signals: Introduction 2 Free-Standing Geometric Signals & And Types 131 Messages . 186 4 Graphic, Geometric And F Non-Sign Markings Alphanumeric Types ·132 1 Problems of Terminology For Markings & Signs 192 B Messages For All-Lighted Signals 2 Types & Messages for Non-Sign 1 Introduction & Basic Messages 135 Markings . 194 2 Complex Message Configurations 138 G Railway Signs 3 Messages For position-Light • 1 Introduction & Types 198 & Color-Position Signals . 142 2 Messages For Signs 203 4 Messages for Cab-Signals . .146 5 Messages For Graphic, Geometric .149 • & Alphanumeric Signals • vi • vii • GLOSSARY OF TERMS 207 PREFACE APPENDICES: Volume II of the TRANSPORTATION MARKINGS: I STAFF, TABLETS, TICKETS & TOKENS 214 A STUDY IN COMMUNICATION MONOGRAPH SERIES continues the studies begun in Volume I, Parts II MAJOR RAILWAY SYSTEMS: A-D. The earlier volume reviewed communica­ SIGNAL TYPES & MESSAGES 221 tion concepts - especially those of semiotics, and of the role in transportation markings (Part A) - and it presented a survey of BIBLIOGRAPHIES: surface, air, and marine markings in the U.S. (Part B). The first volume ended with an I SIGN, SIGNAL & MARKING SOURCES 237 examination of one segment of international transportation markings: marine aids to II OTHER MATERIALS 245 navigation (Parts C and D). Parts C and D were revised and republished as a separate unit in 1988 under the title of International Marine INDICES: Aids to Navigation. A major revision of Part A is projected: an enlargement and revision of semiotic considerations, an addition of GENERAL 259 material on electromagnetic and acoustical SIGN, SIGNAL & MARKING 264 waves and their role in transportation markings and an addition of material on design NAMES OF PERSONS & ORGANIZATION 270 and transportation markings. Volume II continues the international studies begun in Parts C and D. There are four intended parts to the second volume: International Traffic Control Devices (Part E) published in 1984, International Railway Signals (Part F) - which is the focus of the present volume, Aeronautical Aids to Navigation (Part G), and A General Classification of International Transportation • Markings (Part H) . • viii ix d The present monograph examines currently may provide a first beginning of a semiotics employed signals, signs, and markings and of railway signals. their messages. Officially-sanctioned signals - as found in signal codes and other docu­ Even if the study falls short of the ments - provides much of the foundation and expectations of the expert, an effort has been focus for the study; this is true of all the made to be faithful to the subject and its monographs of the Series. underlying literature. The compiler has been very much concerned to include the many types The monograph isa study of signals (and of signals and signs, and to be accurate in accompanying signs and markings) , not of sig­ using railway materials. nalling (the control and operation of signals and accompanying safety appliances and procedures). Systems, simple block systems, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS interlockings, CTC and electronic configuration are related to signals but TO Abbot Peter Eberle and the Monks of signals can be examined independently. Mount Angel. Source materials present a significant TO the many railways that have provided challenge since a central source of informa­ assistance: Rtgie des Chemins de fer Abidjan­ tion since is lacking. Methodology will be Niger, Abidjan; Osterreichische Bundesbahnen, examined in Chapter 28C centering on the Wien; Empresa Ferrocarriles Del Estado problems of sources and how these problems Argentino, Buenos Aires; Rede Ferrovi£ria were overcome. Significant patterns of signal Federal, S.A, Rio de Janeiro; Baltimore and usage can be found even when central sources Ohio Railroad, Baltimore; Canadian National are lacking; threads of commonality are not Railway, Edmonton and Montreal; Canadian lacking even if frequently obscured. Pacific Railway, Vancouver; Ferrocarriles Nacionales de Colombia, Bogota; Danishe Finally, it can be stated that the mono­ Staatsbahnen, Kobenhavn; Finnish State graph may not please railway experts. This Railways, Helsinki; Societe Nationale des study is not a "super signal code" nor a Chemins de Fer Francais, Paris; Deutsche general compendium of signals. Rather it is Bundesbahn, Hannover; Deutsche Reichbahn, an introduction to signals (and signs and Berlin; Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del markings), with the messages they produce. (It Estado, Santiago; Kowloon-Canton Railway, Hong ~ . is also an informal semiotics if one can Kong, Magyar Allamvasutak Vezerlgazgatosaga, agree with the view of some practioners of Budapest; Indian Railways, New Delhi; semiotics that analysis of any kind of sign Perusahaan Jawatan Kereta Api, Bandung; Kenya can be semiotics even without the jargon). A Railways, Nairobi; New South Wales Railways, mere describing and classifying of signals may Sydney; New Zealand Railways, Wellington; fall short of even informal semiotics but it Nederlandse Spoorwegan, Utrecht; Pakistan Railways, Islamabad; Polskich Kolejach x xi Panstwowych, Warzawa; Schweizerische Library; George Drury of the Library of Bundeshbahnen, Bern; Red Nacional des los Kalmbach Publishing Company, Milwaukee; Ferrocarriles Espanoles, Madrid; South African National Library Service (Malawi) Railways, Johannsburg; Southern Pacific Lilongwe; Science & Technical Information Transportation Company, Portland and San Service of National Library of New Zealand, Francisco; USSR Railways, Mockba; Tukiye Cum wellington; Libraries of Case Western Huriyet Deviet Demiryollari, Ankara; University, Cleveland; Lawrence Crumb of Ferrocarriles Del Estado, Montevideo; National Knight Library, University of Oregon, Eugene; Railways of Zimbabwe, Bulawayo. Kerr Library, Oregon State University, Corvallis; Millar Library, Portland State University, Portland; Oregon State Library, Salem; Comiaion Nacional De Investigacion Cientifica y Technologica, Lisboa; Turkiye Bilimsel Ve Teknik Avastirma Kurumu, Ankara; Virginia