An Inventory and Assessment of National Urban Mobility in the Philippines A Project of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH in collaboration with the Philippine Department of Transportation (DOTr) 1 Contents List Of Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. 6 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 14 1.1. Background of the Study ............................................................................................................. 14 1.2. Objectives and Scope .................................................................................................................. 15 1.3. Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 15 2. Inventory and Assessment of Mobility Indicators .................................................................................. 17 2.1. Socio-demographic and economic accounts .............................................................................. 17 2.2. State of Passenger and Goods Transport .................................................................................... 20 2.2.1. Public Transport Infrastructure ................................................................................................. 25 2.2.2. Non-motorized Transport Infrastructure .................................................................................. 28 2.2.3. Goods Transport Infrastructure ............................................................................................... 28 2.3. Planned Transport Infrastructure .................................................................................................... 30 2.4. Transport Impacts ....................................................................................................................... 31 2.4.1. Energy Intensity and Greenhouse Gas Emissions ............................................................... 31 2.4.2. Road Safety ......................................................................................................................... 32 2.4.3. Air Quality and Health Impacts ........................................................................................... 33 3. Institutional Framework .......................................................................................................................... 34 3.1. Transport Plans, Programs and Policies ...................................................................................... 40 3.1.1. Evolution of Transport Policies ........................................................................................... 40 3.1.2. Past Transport Studies and Plans in Metro Manila, Cebu, and Davao ............................... 41 3.1.3. Recent Transport Policies.................................................................................................... 46 3.2. National Strategy for Urban Mobility ......................................................................................... 48 3.2.1. National Vision for Urban Mobility ..................................................................................... 48 3.2.2. National Vision of the Country ............................................................................................ 48 3.2.3. Transport as Part of the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 .................................... 49 3.2.4. National Transport Policy .................................................................................................... 49 3.2.5. National Urban Development and Housing Framework ..................................................... 50 3.3. Stakeholder Analysis on Urban Mobility ..................................................................................... 51 3.3.1. Local Government Units ..................................................................................................... 51 3.3.2. Other Urban Mobility Stakeholders .................................................................................... 57 4. Financing Transport ................................................................................................................................ 58 2 4.1. Financing sources ........................................................................................................................ 58 4.2. Central Government Budget ....................................................................................................... 59 4.2.1. Department of Public Works and Highways ....................................................................... 60 4.2.2. Department of Transportation ............................................................................................ 60 4.2.3. Taxation on transport related activities .............................................................................. 62 4.3. Local Government ....................................................................................................................... 64 4.4. Official Development Assistance (ODA) ....................................................................................... 66 4.4.1. Japanese International Co-operation Agency (JICA) ............................................................ 68 4.4.2. World Bank .......................................................................................................................... 68 4.4.3. Asian Development bank ..................................................................................................... 68 4.4.4. GIZ ....................................................................................................................................... 68 4.5. Households Expenditure on Transport ....................................................................................... 69 4.6. Transport Sector Revenues ......................................................................................................... 70 4.6.1. Tricycle ................................................................................................................................ 70 4.6.2. Jeepney ............................................................................................................................... 70 4.6.3. Bus ....................................................................................................................................... 71 4.6.4. Urban Rail ............................................................................................................................ 71 4.6.5. LRT Line 1 ............................................................................................................................ 72 4.6.6. LRT2 ..................................................................................................................................... 72 4.6.7. MRT3 ................................................................................................................................... 73 4.6.8. Taxi ...................................................................................................................................... 73 4.6.9. Public Transport Expenditure Summary ............................................................................. 74 4.7. Development banks, Commercial Banks and the Private Sector ................................................ 75 4.7.1. National Development Banks ............................................................................................. 75 4.7.2. Commercial Bank Finance ................................................................................................... 75 4.7.3. Private Sector Investors ...................................................................................................... 76 5. Review of Inventory and Diagnostic Analysis of Status Quo .................................................................. 77 5.1. Governance ................................................................................................................................. 77 5.1.1. Institutional and regulatory framework ............................................................................. 77 5.1.2. Transport and land use planning framework ...................................................................... 78 5.1.3. Strengths ............................................................................................................................. 80 5.1.4. Weaknesses......................................................................................................................... 80 5.1.5. Opportunities ...................................................................................................................... 81 3 5.1.6. Threats ................................................................................................................................ 82 5.1.7. Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 82 5.2. Budgeting and Finance ................................................................................................................ 83 5.2.1.