Durham E-Theses Studies in the roman province of Dalmatia Wilkes, J. J. How to cite: Wilkes, J. J. (1962) Studies in the roman province of Dalmatia, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10470/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk STUDIES IN THE ROMAN PROVINCE OF DALMATIA Thesis submitted to the University of Durham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by J.J. Wilkes St. Cuthbert's Society- Volume One, April 1962 This study was undertaken while the author held a Ministry of Education State Studentship at the Department of Archaeology in Durham and, since October 196l, a Research Fellowship in the University of Birmingham* I would like to record my debt of gratitude to my super• visor Professor Eric Birley and Dr. J.C. Mann of the Department of Archaeology in Durham* In the Spring and early Summer of I96O I spent some time travelling in Yugoslavia, and here I would like to thank some of the many people who helped me to carry out my research. In particular I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Grga Novak, President of the Yugoslav Academy of Arts and Sciences in Zagreb; Professor D. Rendic-Miocevic and Mr, M. Zaninovic of the University of Zagreb; Dr. Esad Pasalic of the University of Sarajevo; Dr. Dimitri Sergejevski and Miss Irma Cr/emosnik of the Museum in Sarajevo; Dr. B. Gabricevic and Dr. N. Mikolanc of the Archaeological Museum in Split; Dr. M. Suic of the Museum and Historical Faculty in Zadar. Without the generous co-operation of many of the above it would have proved impossible for me to have visited many of the key sites in Dalmatia which lie far away from public transport routes. On this point especially, I would like to thank the Secretaries of the Communes of Zadar and Sinj for placing vehicles at my disposal. For assistance in the preparation of this thesis I would like to acknowledge the help of Mr. C.D.N. Costa and Dr. J.D. Eshelby of the University of Birmingham, and Miss Christine Pittam of the University Library in Birmingham for undertaking the typing. The absence of a map calls for explanation. For points of topography only detailed maps of the largestscale would be of any value. However, all the places referred to are recorded on Kiepert's map in CIL III (suppl ii taf. VI), and in the very few instances where this is not the case more precise details of location with regard to neighbouring centres are given. CONTENTS Volume I Abbreviations Chapter I: The Greek background of Illyria 1-18 Notes 19-23 Bibliographical note 24 Note on the topography of Lissus 25-7 Chapter II: The Kingdom of Illyria (230-167 B.C.) 28-61 Notes 62-70 Bibliographical note 71-2 Chapter III: Rome and Illyria (167-59 B.C.) 73-87 Notes 88-93 Table of commands in Illyria 93A Chapter IV: Illyria in the Civil Wars (59-39 B.C.) 94-113 Notes 114-118 Chapter V: The Augustan Conquest (39 B.C.-A.D.9) 119-143 Notes (with bibliographical note 1) 144-154 Chapter VI: The province of Dalmatia 155-160 Notes 161-165 Chapter VII: (i) The legionary garrison 166-171 (ii) Veteran settlement 172-180 Notes 181-193 Table of Veteran settlement 194 Chapter VIII: The auxilia in Dalmatia 195-214 Additional note (i), leg.VIII Augusta in Dalmatia 215-217 Additional note (ii), Dalmatia during the Marcomannic Wars 217-224 Chapter IX: The pattern of military recruitment from Dalmatia, (i) The Praetorian Guard 225-7 (ii) The Legions 227-230 (iii) The Ravenna and Misene Fleets 230-4 (iv) The Auxilia 234-7 Notes 247 Chapters VI-IX: Bibliographical note 247 Volume II Chapter X: The Cities of Liburnia 248-282 Notes 283-301 Chapter XI: The Iapudes 302-311 Notes 312-318 Chapter XII: The Coastal Cities of Dalmatia (excluding Liburnia 319-350 Notes 351-362 Chapter XIII: The Delmatae, Diluntum and Doclea 363-390 Notes 391-410 Chapter XIV: The Interior of Dalmatia (conventus of Salonae and Narona) 411-437 Notes 438-450 Chapter XV: Senators equestrians and centurions in the Roman province of Dalmatia 451-4^4 Notes 495-510 Chapter XVI: The Upper Classes of Dalmatia 511-562 Chapter X-XVI:Bibliographical note 563-4 Indexes * 565-Slg Abbreviations AA*f Archaeologia Aeliana (fourth series), Newcastle upon Tyne. AE L* Annee Epigraphique, Paries. AEM Archaeologische-epigraphische Mitteilungen aus Osterreich-Ungarn« Vienna. Arch. Archaeolo^ia, London* Arch. lug. Archaeologia Iugoslavica, Belgrade. BD Bullettino di archeologia e storia dalmata, Split; after 1927 Vjesnik, see below. B. Jhb. Bonner Jahrbuch, Bonn. Ber. RGK Berichte der Rflmisch-Germanischen Kommission. Frankfurt am Main/Berlin. CAH Cambridge Ancient History. GIG Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum, Berlin. CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Berlin; volumes in this series are cited by Roman numerals and the prefix CIL is usually omitted. CQ Classical Quarterly. EE Ephemeris Epigraphica, Berlin. FHG Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum. ed. C. Mttller. FS Forschungen in Salona I (1917 ed. Gerber)t II (1926 ed. R. Egger)% Vienna. GGM Geographici Graeci Minores, ed. C. Mttller. Glasnik Glasnik Zemalskog Muzeja u Sarajevo, Sarajevo; old series until 1943* new series (cited NS) commencing 19^5. Holder Altceltischer Sprachschatz, A. Holder, Leipzig, 1896, HN2 Historia Nummorum, B.V. Head, second ed. 1912. IGR Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes, ed. R. Cagnat, Paris, 1901-21. ILS Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, ed, H. Dessau, 1892-1916. Inscr. It. Inscriptiones Italiae. It. Ant. Itinerarium Antoninianum, ed. 0. Cuntz, 1927* JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies. Jhb A. Jahrbuch fUr Altertumskunde, Vienna. JRS Journal of Roman Studies. MRR The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, ed. T.R.S. Broughton, two vols. 1951-2. Not. Scav. Notizie degli Seavi di Antichita, Rome. Num. Chron. Numismatic Chronicle. b\Jh Jahreshefte des Osterreichischen archaeologischen Instituts, Vienna. Peutinger Die Peutingersche Tafel, ed. K. Miller, Stuttgart, 1916. PIR Prosopographia Imperii Romani, ed. Dessau, Klebs, v. Rohden, 1897-8. PIR2 ProsoTjographia Imperii Romani, second edition, ed. E. Groag, A. Stein and others (now A-H), 1933-. RE Pauly-Wissowa (Kroll-Mittelhavs-Ziegler), Realencyc- lopfldie. Rech. Salon. Recherches ^a Salona, I (1928), II (1933)i Copen• hagen. Spomenik Srpska Kraljevska Academija Spomenik, Belgrade. Strena Buliciana Strena Buliciana (Festschrift for F. Bulic), Split/Zagreb, 1924. V.jesnik Vjesnik za Archeologiu i Histori.ju Dalmatinsku, Split, 1927- (formerly BD q.v.). WMBH Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus Bosnien und Herzegowina, Sarajevo/Vienna 1893-1913* Ztschr. f. Numism. Zeitschrift fllr Numismatik. - 1 - Chapter I: The Greek background of Illyria A good indication of the extent of Greek influence in Illyria before the known period of active colonisation is the evidence for trade which v/e possess in the literary and archaeological sources. On the whole the general nature and quantity of this evidence sug• gests great caution in estimating the position of Greeks in the area before the fourth century. This applies particularly to the literary evidence for trade in the early period, Theopompus, writing in the middle of the fourth century, records a tradition that pottery from Chios and Thasos was found o in the bed of the river Naro, while a pseud^Aristotelian source mentions an emporion in the Adriatic to which merchants came from as far away as Pontus (l). The evidence of Theopompus must be considered suspect, since it was clearly an item of information which he used to support his belief that at some point the Adriatic and the Black Sea were connected or at least came very close to one another. Following a suggestion of Evans, Casson seems to have accepted that Greek imports reached the hinterland of Illyria by a transpeninsular route via the Danube valley, rather than by sea and then inland from the Adriatic coast. Apart from these two sources the evidence for such a trade route is almost non-existent. In support of the route, Casson mentioned the discovery of silver coins of Thasos and Paeonia at Janjevo in Old Serbia between Nis and ^valley of the Albanian Drin. As Beaumont notes, the Paeonian coins can mean nothing since Paeonia itself is not far away, while the Thjfasian are far more likely to - 2 - have arrived via the Vardar and Morava route than from the Adriatic or Pontus. The story of Theopompus, hardly believed by Strabo who records it, is totally unsupported by any archaeological evidence from Illyria. The idea of the underground river may however be taken from observation of the behaviour of rivers in the karst country of the Dalmatian hinterland, where it is by no means uncommon for a river to disappear into the ground and reappear on the other side of a ridge of mountains (2). Greek trading activity appears to have begun along the Dalmatian coast during the earlier part of the sixth century; small quantities of Corinthian pottery are found on the islands, while imported Greek weapons and helmets, mostly assignable to the fifth century, are known from the region of the river Naro.