LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SPORT EDUCATION Alīna KĻONOVA PARTNERS’ PHYSIOLOGICAL ENGAGEMENT AND BODY CONTACT IMPROVEMENT IN STANDARD SPORT DANCES Doctoral thesis Pedagogical doctoral degree acquisition in sport science field Sport pedagogy sub-field Supervisors: Dr.paed., assoc.prof. Leonīds Žilinskis, Dr., prof. Antonio Cicchella Advisor: Dr. Jolita Vveinhardt This Doctoral thesis has been supported by the European Social Fund within the project “Support for Sport Science” No. 2009/0155/1DP/1.1.2.1.2/09/IPIA/VIAA/010 action programme „Human resources and Employment” 1.1.2.1.2. sub-activity „Support for Doctoral Study Programme Implementation” Rīga, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF PICTURES ............................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 8 1 TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT AND PHYSICAL CONDITIONING IN STANDARD SPORT DANCES ............................................................................................ 18 1.1 Dancesport Emergence and Development ............................................................................ 18 1.1.1 Dance Emergence .............................................................................................................. 18 1.1.2 Development of the Dancesport ........................................................................................ 21 1.1.3 Description of the Standard Sport Dances ........................................................................ 24 1.2 Training Process Characterization in Sport Dances ........................................................... 29 1.2.1 Features of Training Process in Standard Dances ............................................................. 31 1.2.2 Computational System for Determining Results of the Dancesport’s Competition .......... 36 1.3 Anatomical, Physiological and Psychological Characteristics of the Adult Group Athletes ............................................................................................................................................. 38 1.3.1 The Biomechanics of the Partnered Dance ....................................................................... 41 1.3.2 The Measurements of Physiological Parameters of Dancers ............................................ 45 1.4 Technique and Teaching Analysis in Standard Dances ...................................................... 52 1.4.1 Technique Analysis in Standard Dances ........................................................................... 52 1.4.2 Teaching Analysis in Standard Dances ............................................................................. 58 2 TASKS AND METHODS OF THE RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT ORGANISATION .................................................................................................................. 60 2.1 Tasks of the Research ............................................................................................................. 60 2.2 Methods of the Research ........................................................................................................ 60 2.2.1 Investigation and Analysis of the Relevant Literature Sources......................................... 61 2.2.2 Method of Expert Estimation ............................................................................................ 62 2.2.3 Pedagogical Experiment .................................................................................................... 63 a) Measuring Anthropometrical Parameters .............................................................................. 65 b) Testing the Physical Preparation ............................................................................................ 68 c) Biomechanical Analysis with the "Motion Capture Smart 2011" System ............................. 72 d) Physiological Analysis with the "Medgraphics Breeze" Software ........................................ 74 e) Statistical Relationship Investigation Using SPSS Software ................................................. 76 2.3 Research Organisation ........................................................................................................... 76 3 DEVELOPMENT OF PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACHIEVING PARTNERS’ BODY CONTACT MODEL IN STANDARD DANCES AND EVALUATION ....................................................................................................................... 78 3.1 Analysing the Characteristics of the Body Contact in Dancers of Different Ages and Skills ................................................................................................................................................ 78 3.2 Determining The Anthropometry and Partners’ Biomechanics for Body Contact Improvement .................................................................................................................................... 86 3.2.1 Determining the Anthropometry ....................................................................................... 86 3.2.2 Determining the Alignments of Knees and Hips ............................................................... 88 3.3 Determining the Physical Preparation and Partners’ Physiological Engagement ........... 93 3.3.1 Assessing the Physical Preparation ................................................................................... 93 3.3.2 Stress and Recovery .......................................................................................................... 95 3.3.3 Determining Partners’ Physiological Engagement ............................................................ 98 3.3.4 Main Physiological Results Before and After Pedagogical Experiment ......................... 101 3.4 The Relationship Model Between Partners’ Physiological Engagement and Body Contact Condition .......................................................................................................................... 104 2 3.5 Contents and Materials of the Standard Dance Training Process and Practical Recommendations for Body Contact Improvement ................................................................... 105 3.5.1 Physical Preparation (fitness) .......................................................................................... 106 3.5.2 Technical Training .......................................................................................................... 111 3.5.3 Psychological Preparation ............................................................................................... 118 3.5.4 Musical Preparation ........................................................................................................ 119 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................ 122 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................... 123 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 126 ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................. 136 3 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Periodization for strength/power sports shown in a 26-week cycle. Hypertrophy refers to the physiologic process of adding tissue, in this case, muscle ........................... 29 Figure 2: Model of Standard dance training process ................................................................ 31 Figure 3: The supporting partner's hand positions for off-balance supported pirouettes, viewed from above ........................................................................................................................ 43 Figure 4: The rotation in a finger turn ...................................................................................... 43 Figure 5: Shifting location of supporting force from two feet to one foot, producing a horizontal acceleration ...................................................................................................... 44 Figure 6: Shifting center of supporting force, destroying balance and allowing for a horizontal acceleration ....................................................................................................................... 44 Figure 7: Sixth position of the feet.......................................................................................... 53 Figure 8: Points of Dance and Alignments are in clockwise order in increments of 1/8 turns 54 Figure 9: Line of Dance and directions .................................................................................... 55 Figure 10: The organization of the Pedagogical experiment and the division of subjects into groups ............................................................................................................................... 64 Figure 11: Standing height position ......................................................................................... 66 Figure 12: Upper leg length measurement position.................................................................. 67 Figure 13: