The Genesis of Sri Lanka Malay Brill’s Studies in South and Southwest Asian Languages Series Editors John Peterson, University of Kiel Anju Saxena, Uppsala University Editorial Board Anvita Abbi, Jawaharlal Nehru University Balthasar Bickel, University of Zurich George Cardona, University of Pennsylvania Carol Genetti, University of California, Santa Barbara Geofrey Haig, University of Bamberg Gilbert Lazard, CNRS & École Pratique des Hautes Études Harold F. Schifman, University of Pennsylvania Udaya Narayana Singh, Visva-Bharati, Shantiniketan, India VOLUME 3 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bssal The Genesis of Sri Lanka Malay A Case of Extreme Language Contact Edited by Sebastian Nordhof LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Genesis of Sri Lanka Malay : A Case of Extreme Language Contact / Edited by Sebastian Nordhof. pages cm. – (Brill's Studies in South and Southwest Asian Languages ; Volume 3) "This book is a result of the workshop 'Past, Present, and Future of Sri Lanka Malay' held at the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig in November 2010." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-23413-0 (hardback) – ISBN 978-90-04-24225-8 (e-book) 1. Malay language–Sri Lanka. 2. Malay language–Grammar. 3. Malays (Asian people)–Sri Lanka. 4. Languages in contact–Sri Lanka. I. Nordhof, Sebastian, editor of compilation. PL5128.M4G46 2013 499'.287–dc23 2012041326 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1877-4083 ISBN 978-90-04-23413-0 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-24225-8 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhof Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS List of Tables . vii List of Figures . ix List of Contributors . xi Acknowledgements . xv Abbreviations. xvii PART I OVERVIEW 1. Introduction . 3 Sebastian Nordhof 2. Synchronic Grammar of Sri Lanka Malay. 13 Sebastian Nordhof PART II SOCIOLOGY, HISTORY, AND DEMOGRAPHY 3. Sri Lanka Malay: New Findings on Contacts . 53 Peter Bakker 4. Known, Inferable, and Discoverable in Sri Lankan Malay Research . 85 Peter Slomanson 5. Issues of Power and Privilege in the Maintenance of Sri Lanka Malay: A Sociolinguistic Analysis . 121 Romola Rassool PART III LANGUAGE CONTACT 6. The Lexical Sources of Sri Lanka Malay Revisited . 149 Scott Paauw vi contents 7. Sri Lankan Languages in the South-South Asia Linguistic Area: Sinhala and Sri Lanka Malay . 165 James W. Gair 8. Hijacked Constructions in Second Language Acquisition: Implications for Sri Lanka Malay . 195 Ian Smith 9. The Semantics of Serial Verb Constructions in Sri Lanka Malay . 233 Mohamed Jafar 10. The Genesis of Sri Lanka Malay as a Multi-Layered Process . 251 Sebastian Nordhof Index ...................................................................281 LIST OF TABLES 1.1. Timeline of Sri Lanka Malay history. 7 1.2. Comparison of a prototypical Creole setting with the Sri Lankan setting . 9 2.1. SLM consonant phonemes . 14 2.2. Frequencies of dental and retrolfex stops . 14 2.3. SLM vowel phonemes . 15 2.4. SLM interrogative pronouns . 21 2.5. Pronouns . 22 2.6. Deictics . 23 2.7. SLM numerals . 23 2.8. Case marking postpositions . 24 2.9. Verbal aifxes in SLM . 29 2.10. SLM vector verbs and their values. 31 2.11. Coordinating clitics . 32 2.12. Overview of case frames for predicates of diferent arity . 41 2.13. Negation patterns for various predicate types and tenses . 46 3.1. Abbreviations of creole names in Figure 3.1 . 74 3.2. Abbreviations and aifliations of non-creoles . 76 5.1. SLM speech communities . 130 6.1. Malay(ic) Varieties . 152 6.2. Features collected by Adelaar 1991 . 153 6.3. Gil’s feature sets for strong correlations for SLM with Maluku 155 6.4. Gil’s feature sets for strong correlations for SLM with Java . 156 6.5. Origin of SLM lexemes in two studies . 157 6.6. Importance of the three possible regions of origin for the lexicon . 158 6.7. Comparison of the vocabulary of the diferent varieties . 159 6.8. 1st and 2nd person pronouns in a number of varieties . 160 6.9. Comparison of pronouns between SLM, Java, and Maluku. 161 6.10. Loan words from Sri Lankan languages in SLM . 162 6.11. Loan words from other languages in SLM . 162 viii list of tables 7.1. The nine features typical of the SSA . 169 8.1. The sources of Sourashtra tense-mood-aspect markers . 199 8.2. The sources of Sri Lanka Portuguese tense-mood-aspect markers . 200 8.3. Summary of verbal noun functions in the ifve languages . 228 10.1. The diferent stages of language contact in Sri Lanka Malay . 254 10.2. ‘Sri Lankan’ features in a variety of linguistic domains and the most likely point of their emergence . 255 10.3. ‘Sri Lankan’ features in phonology . 256 10.4. ‘Sri Lankan’ features in morphology . 258 10.5. ‘Sri Lankan’ features in syntax . 261 10.6. ‘Sri Lankan’ features in semantics . 261 10.7. ‘Sri Lankan’ feature in discourse. 262 10.8. ‘Sri Lankan’ lexical features . 262 10.9. Stage 0 features. 263 10.10. Stage 1 features . 263 10.11. Stage 2 features. 264 10.12. Stage 3 features. 264 10.13. Stage 4 features. 265 10.14. Stage 5 features. 266 10.15. The three phases of dialect levelling according to Trudgill 1986 ............................................................266 LIST OF FIGURES 1.1. Sri Lankan population centers with signiifcant Malay population . 4 1.2. Migration during the colonial era . 6 2.1. Coding of semantic roles in SLM . 45 3.1. Genetic distances between Sri Lankan populations . 55 3.2. A tree of Sri Lanka populations with Europeans and Malays. 57 3.3. 18 creoles and Sri Lanka Malay . 75 3.4. Sri Lanka Malay among creoles and noncreoles . 77 4.1. Two representative records from thombos stored at the National Archives of Sri Lanka in Colombo . 93 4.2. A Malay kadutham from 1919 . 103 4.3. A page from a Malay marriage register . 104 4.4. A page from a Moorish marriage register in a Malay mosque, in which almost half of the marriages are Moor-Malay marriages . 105 4.5. Glossary page from a nineteenth century text used to teach Arabic in Qurʾanic schools attended by Malays . 111 5.1. Path from perceived language loss to identity re-alignment . 134 8.1. Sourashtra cities and towns . 202 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Ian Smith holds a doctorate in Linguistics from Cornell University. He has taught at Monash University, the National University of Singapore, the University of Sydney, and at York University, where he is Associate Professor of Linguistics. His primary research ifeld is language contact. The bulk of his work focuses on South Asian contact languages, particularly Sri Lanka Portuguese, Sri Lanka Malay, and Sourashtra. He has also published on English and Kugu Nganhcara. Scott Paauw is an Assistant Professor of Linguistics at the University of Rochester, where he has taught since 2005. He has a PhD in Linguistics from the University at Bufalo. He has worked on Sri Lanka Malay since 2003. His primary areas of interest are language contact, language description and documentation, pidgins and creoles, bilingual issues, historical linguistics, typology, applied linguistics and sociolinguistics. He.