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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108 74-3108 ALLEN, Thomas Harrell, 1942- AN EXAMINATION OF THE COMMUNICATIVE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE PEOPLE*S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FROM JANUARY 1969 TO FEBRUARY 1972. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1973 Speech University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan AN EXAMINATION OF THE COMMUNICATIVE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FROM JANUARY 1969 TO FEBRUARY 1972 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Thomas Harrell Allen, B.A., M.S ***** The Ohio State University 1973 Reading Committee: Approved By Keith Brooks L . C . Hawes J • L> Golden Adviser ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes; to publicly express his appreciation | to the many people who contributed to the development and completion of this dissertation. To his major adviser, Professor Keith Brooks, for his support and able counseling. To his reading committee, Professor James Golden and Professor Leonard Hawes, for their constructive criticism |i * and encouragement. To John Murdock and Fred Goodman of Battelle Memorial Institute for their assistance in processing the data. And finally to Her who endured the most. i VITA October 17, 1942 Born - Palestine, Texas 1965 .................. B.A., The University of Texas 1967 .................. M.S., West Virginia University 1968-1970 ............ Instructor, The University of Florida 1973 .................. Researcher, Battelle Memorial Institute PUBLICATIONS "Mass Media Use Patterns in a Negro Ghetto," Journalism Quarterly, Volume LL, 1968, pp. 109-111. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field Speech Communication B.A. Journalism and Economics M.S. Journalism Ph.D. Research Methodology Communication Theory Mass Communications CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . i VITA ................................................. ii TABLES ............................................... iv CHAPTER I BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM ................... 1 II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............... 17 III RESEARCH DESIGN OF THE S T U D Y .................. 48 IV PRESENTATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF D A T A .............................. 71 V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................... 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................ 112 LIST OP TABLES Table Page 1 Frequencies by Initiating Country in Terms of Year of M e s s a g e .......................... 72 2 Frequency by Type of Message in Terms of Year of Message ............................ 73 3 Frequency by Nominal Categories in Terms of Year of M e s s a g e .......................... 73 4 Frequency by Tone of Message in Terms of Year of Message ......................... 74 5 Frequency by Type of Message in Terms of Year of Message for U.S. Initiated M e s s a g e ...................................... 74 6 Frequency by Nominal Categories in Terms of Year of Message for U.S. Initiated M e s s a g e s ...................................... 75 7 Frequency by Tone of Message in Terms of Year of Message for U.S. Initiated M e s s a g e s ...................................... 76 8 Frequency by Type of Message in Terms of Year of Message for China Initiated M e s s a g e s ...................................... 76 9 Frequency by Nominal Categories in Terms of Year of Message for China Initiated M e s s a g e s ...................................... 77 10 Frequency by Tone of Message in Terms of Year of Message for China Initiated M e s s a g e s ...................................... 78 11 Percentages for each Year for Tone M e s s a g e s ...................................... 78 12 Chi Square Analysis by Initiating Country in Terms of Period of M e s s a g e .............. 80 iv Table Page 13 Chi Square Analysis by Type of Message in Terms of Period of Message for both Countries................................... 80 14 Chi Square Analysis by Nominal Categories in Terms of Period of Message for both Countries................................... 81 15 Chi Square Analysis by Tone of Messages in Terms of Period of Message for both Countries................................. 82 16 Chi Square Analysis by Tone of Message in Terms of Message Type for both Countries................................. 82 17 Chi Square Analysis by Nominal Categories in Terms of Message Tone for both Countries................................. 83 18 Chi Square Analysis by Nominal Categories in Terms of Type of Message for both Countries................................. 84 19 Chi Square Analysis by Type of Message in Terms of Period of Message for both Countries................................. 85 20 Chi Square Analysis by Type of Message in Terms of Period of Message for U.S. M e s s a g e s ................................. 85 21 Chi Square Analysis by Nominal Categories in Terms of Period of Message for U.S. M e s s a g e s ................................. 86 22 Chi Square Analysis by Tone of Message in Terms of Period of Message for U.S. M e s s a g e s ................................. 87 23 Chi Square Analysis by Nominal Categories in Terms of Types of Message for U.S. M e s s a g e s ................................. 88 v Table Page 24 Chi Square Analysis by Type of Message in Terms of Tone of Message for U.S. M e s s a g e s ..................................... 88 25 Chi Square Analysis by Nominal Categories in Terms of Tone of Message for U.S. M e s s a g e s ..................................... 89 26 Chi Square Analysis by Type of Message in Terms of Period of Message for China Messages ............................ 89 27 Chi Square Analysis by Nominal Categories in Terms of Period of Message for China Messages ............................ 90 28 Chi Square Analysis by Tone of Message in Terms of Period of Message for China Messages . 91 29 Chi Square Analysis by Nominal Categories in Terms of Type of Message for China Messages ............................ 92 30 Chi Square Analysis by Tone of Message in Terms of Type of Message for China Messages ............................ 92 31 Chi Square Analysis by Nominal Categories in Terms of Tone of Message for China Messages ............................ 93 32 Chi Square Analysis by Selected Nominal Categories in Terms of Type of Messages for both Countries ........................ 94 33 Chi Square Analysis by Selected Nominal Categories in Terms of Tone of Message for both Countries........................ 94 34 Chi Square Analysis of Selected Nominal Categories in Terms of Period of Message for U.S. M e s s a g e s ........................ 95 vi Table Page 35 Chi Square Analysis by Selected Nominal Categories in Terms of Message Type for U.S. Messages ............................ 95 36 Chi Square Analysis by Selected Nominal Categories in Terms of Period of Message for China Messages ................. 96 37 Chi Square Analysis by Selected Nominal Categories in Terms of Type of Message for China M e s s a g e s .......................... 97 38 Chi Square Analysis by Selected Nominal Categories in Terms of Message Tone for China M e s s a g e s .......................... 97 vii CHAPTER I BACKGROUND During the last three or four years the international relations between the United States and the People's Repub­ lic of China apparently have entered a period of transition from two previous decades of hostility. The new relation­ ship was dramatically underscored by President Nixon's visit to Peking in February, 1973, thus ending the climate of nonrecognition inherited from the 1950's and suggesting a revised modus operandi for diplomatic communication. When the People's Republic of China was established in Peking on October 1, 1949, it was unlikely that the United States would recognize the new government. One year later Chinese "volunteers" marched into Korea and fought American troops for the first time in history. The outbreak of the Korean War in June, 1950 marked the beginning of a new period of hostile Sino-American relations. The Korean events changed the perception of the United States toward China from that of the heroic underdog to a dangerous menacing giant, and also confirmed the views of the Chinese Communist that the United States was the archenemy of China.