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Uni International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor. Ml 48106 1325399 Arvanitopoulos, Constantine CONSTANTINE KARAMANLIS; A LEADERSHIP PROFILE The American University M.A. 1985 University Microfilms I nternâtiOnsi 300 N. zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. Ml 48106 Copyright 1985 by Arvanitopoulos, Constantine All Rights Reserved CONSTANTINE KARAMANLIS; A LEADERSHIP PROFILE by Constantine Arvanitopoulos submitted to the Faculty of the College of Public and International Affairs of the American Unviersity in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in International Relations Signatures of Committee: Chairman Dean of the College Date 1985 The American University Washington, D.C. 20016 THB AMERICAS UNIVERSITY LIBRAlfV © 1985 CONSTANTINE ARVANITOPOULOS All Rights Reserved CONSTANTINE KARAMANLIS: A LEADERSHIP PROFILE BY CONSTANTINE ARVANITOPOULOS ABSTRACT Karainanlis' career as a politician lasted 50 years (1935-1985), though it was twice interrupted: once by the prewar dictatorship of Metaxas and the Second World War, and again by Karamanlis' self-imposed exile in Paris and another military dictatorship. His career ended with his resignation from the Presidency on March 9, 1985. This thesis will be divided into four chapters. Chapter I will be the theoretical framework. Chapter II will be a political profile of Karamanlis. Chapter III will be his operational code, and Chapter IV will be the analysis of three important decisions that Karamanlis made as Prime Minister. The purpose of this analysis will be to reveal Karamanlis' belief system and to assess the impact of his operational code beliefs on his policy preferences and choices of action. XI TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................ Ü INTRODUCTION ................................................... 1 Chapter I. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ...........................3 Elite Images ...................................... 5 The Interaction Model ........................... 7 The Operational C o d e ............................ 7 Cognitive Mapping ............................... 10 Theoretical Framework ........................... 11 The Congruence Procedure ............... ... 15 The Process-Tracing Procedure.................... 16 II. POLITICAL PROFILE OF CONSTANTINE KARAMANLIS . 17 III. KARAMANLIS' OPERATIONAL CODE ...................... 50 Philosophical Beliefs ........................... 50 Instrumental Beliefs ............................. 66 IV. ANALYSIS OF THREE FOREIGN POLICY DECISIONS . 73 Decision I: Withdrawal from the Military Part of NATO ...................75 Decision II: Greece's Entry into the EEC . 85 Decision III: E x i l e ............................89 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................... 93 111 INTRODUCTION Instability is the word most frequently used to describe Greek politics. Foreign observers repeat it compulsively; Karamanlis has often used it himself. It is therefore worth recording that Karamanlis held office as Prime Minister for a total of fourteen years — longer than any British Prime Minister since Gladstone, and perhaps longer than any Prime Minister of a democracy in the twentieth century. He won twelve popular elections, held five different ministries, and formed seven governments, each of them based on a single party. He dominated the Greek political scene to a degree rivaled only by Elevtherios Venizelos, who was indeed his favorite model, but whose mistakes he succeeded in avoiding. Karamanlis' career as a politician lasted 50 years (1935-1985), though it was twice interrupted: once by the prewar dictatorship of Metaxas and the Second World War, and again by Karamanlis' self-imposed exile in Paris and another military dictatorship. It was marked by a politi­ cal transition of exemplary smoothness, when the Presidency of the Republic, the leadership of his party and the premiership changed hands within a few months from May 1930 to 1981. It ended with his resignation from the Presidency on March 9, 1985. This thesis will be divided into four parts. Chapter I will be the theoretical framework. Chapter II will be a political profile of Karamanlis. Chapter III will be his operational code and Chapter IV will be the analysis of three important decisions that he made as Prime Minister. The purpose of this analysis will be to reveal Karamanlis' belief system, and moreover, to assess the impact of his operational code of beliefs on his policy preferences and choices of action. CHAPTER I REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE In the early 1930s, many scholars of international relations began to apply psychological approaches to the study of international phenomena. Specifically, the psychological concepts were used in order to improve one's understanding of the phenomena of war and peace. Most of this research was oriented toward national stereotypes, attitudes toward war, and public opinions of foreign policy issues.^ Most of these studies were made at the individual level of analysis. Those attempts to link psychological concepts with 2 international behavior met many difficulties. First, since there were concepts used from in-depth psychology, individual irregularities and pathologies were projected into the international realm, thus stressing the importance H.C. Kelman, "Social-psychological Approaches to the Study of International Relations: Definition of Scope." in International Behavior; A Social-psychological Analysis, ed. H.C. Kelman (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1965), p. 4. 2 Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univer­ sity Press, 1976), pp. 3-10. of emotional, rather than cognitive, factors. Secondly, most of the data in support of these studies resulted from laboratory experiments. Thirdly, the nature of the inter­ national system and the constraints it imposed were usually ignored or misunderstood. The result was that these efforts were criticized by many political scientists as irrelevant to the study of international relations. The problem was clearly stated by Herbert Kelman: "Only if we know where and how these individuals fit into the larger process, and under what circumstances they operate, are we able to offer a relevant psychological analysis."^ Although these first attempts failed, beginning in the mid-1950s, the contribution of psychological approaches to the study of international relations grew in importance as a result of the interaction of the peace research movement and the development of the behavioral revolution. The new writings showed an increasing theoretical and methodologi­ cal sophistication, with greater awareness of the complex­ ities one encounters in moving across different levels of analysis. A wide variety of psychological literature has been applied to the study of international relations. Most of these works can be included in four general approaches: ^Kelman, "Social-psychological Approaches," p. 6 personality, thought process, belief systems, and group communications process. Studies in personality were concerned with the origins and evolution of an actor's personality and the identification of major idiosyncratic motivational characteristics. Studies in thought process were concerned with the decision-makers and modes of thinking that depart from rationality and affect the intellectual process. Studies in belief systems were concerned with the analysis of international behavior by utilizing such concepts as perceptions, images, attitudes, and opinions. Finally, studies in group communication were concerned with individual interaction within groups and