Coming Down From the Mountain: Dialect Contact and Convergence in Contemporary Hutsulshchyna By Erin Victoria Coyne A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Slavic Languages and Literatures in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Johanna Nichols, Chair Professor Alan Timberlake Professor Lev Michael Spring 2014 Abstract Coming Down From the Mountain: Dialect Contact and Convergence in Contemporary Hutsulshchyna by Erin Victoria Coyne Doctor of Philosophy in Slavic Languages and Literatures University of California, Berkeley Professor Johanna Nichols, Chair Despite the recent increased interest in Hutsul life and culture, little attention has been paid to the role of dialect in Hutsul identity and cultural revival. The primary focus of the present dissertation is the current state of the Hutsul dialect, both in terms of social perception and the structural changes resulting from the dominance of the standard language in media and education. Currently very little is known about the contemporary grammatical structure of Hutsul. The present dissertation is the first long-term research project designed to define both key elements of synchronic Hutsul grammar, as well as diachronic change, with focus on variation and convergence in an environment of increasing close sustained contact with standard Ukrainian resulting from both a historically-based sense of ethnic identification, as well as modern economic realities facing the once isolated and self-sufficient Hutsuls. In addition, I will examine the sociolinguistic network lines which allow and impede linguistic assimilation, specifically in the situation of a minority population of high cultural valuation facing external linguistic assimilation pressures stemming from socio-political expediency. Throughout this examination, I define the current social status of the dialect, its future viability, and the differences in attitudes and behaviors among various social groups, including members of the younger generation, in both the public and private realms. The broad conclusion supported by my research is that, despite Hutsul cultural prestige in Ukraine, their distinct dialect is endangered as a result of socio-economic pressures, including policies actively promoting the use of Ukrainian language in all spheres of public and private life. Through sustained contact, Hutsul has come to resemble Contemporary Standard Ukrainian (CSU) more and more in structural typology. The precise manner and degree to which this has occurred has not been analyzed in previous research. 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………………..iv Chapter One: Introduction……………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.1 Structure and scope of the dissertation…………………………………………..........1 1.1.1 An examination of contact-induced structural change in Hutsul……………2 1.1.2 Sources of data………………………………………………………………4 1.2 Introduction: Who are the Hutsuls?...............................................................................5 1.2.1 Popular image of the Hutsuls……………………………………………....10 1.2.2 The end of Hutsul isolation and the decline of traditional lifestyle………..13 1.3 Language Planning in Post-Soviet Ukraine………………………………………….17 1.4 Language Contact and Convergence………………………………………………...20 1.4.1 Patterns of contact-induced change………………………………………..23 1.4.2 Predicting outcomes of contact…………………………………………….25 1.5 Primary sources used for structural analysis…………………………………………26 1.5.1 Hnat Xotkevyč……………………………………………………………..27 1.5.2 Onufrij Mančuk…………………………………………………………….28 1.5.3 Petro Šekeryk-Donykiv…………………………………………………….28 1.5.4 Paraska Plytka-Horycvit…………………………………………………...29 1.5.5 Marija Vlad………………………………………………………………...29 1.5.6 Tetjana Jastrems'ka………………………………………………………...30 1.5.7 Verxovyns'ki visti…………………………………………………………..30 Chapter Two: Phonology………………………………………………………………………...31 2.1 Vowel inventory and distribution……………………………………………………32 2.1.1 Etymological *a and nasal vowel ę………………………………………..32 2.1.2 Etymological *e …………………………………………………………...38 2.1.3 Former jat and the Phoneme /i/……………………………………………45 2.1.3.1 Word initial i realized as y……………………………………….46 2.1.3.2 y in unstressed positions realized as i…………………………...48 2.1.3.3 y in stressed position lowered to e………………………………49 2.1.3.4 y positionally lowered to e in unstressed nominative plural ending……………………………………………………………50 2.1.4 Phoneme /o/ and newly-closed syllables…………………………………..51 2.1.5 Conclusions………………………………………………………………...59 2.2 Consonants…………………………………………………………………………...61 2.2.1 Labial stops b, p……………………………………………………………61 2.2.2 Dental stops d, t............................................................................................62 2.2.3 Dental fricatives z, s.....................................................................................71 2.2.4 Dental affricate c…………………………………………………………..74 i 2.2.5 Postdental consonants: palatal sibilants š, ž and palatal affricate č………..75 2.2.6 Velar consonants k, g, x, and voiced glottal fricative ɦ…………………....82 2.2.7 Nasal consonants m, n……………………………………………………...86 2.2.8 Lateral l…………………………………………………………………….90 2.2.9 Trill r……………………………………………………………………….92 2.2.10 Conclusions……………………………………………………………….93 Chapter Three: Morphology……………………………………………………………………..96 3.1 Verbal inflection……………………………………………………………………..97 3.1.1 Third person inflection……………………………………………………..98 3.1.1.1 First conjugation verbs: third person singular present and future perfective tense………………………………………………….99 3.1.1.2 Third person singular reflexive in first conjugation……………102 3.1.1.3 First conjugation verbs: third person plural present and future perfective tense…………………………………………………103 3.1.2 Second conjugation verbs………………………………………………...105 3.1.2.1 Second conjugation verbs: third person singular inflection…….106 3.1.2.2 Second conjugation verbs: third person plural inflection………107 3.1.3 Paradigm conflation………………………………………………………110 3.1.3.1 The verb ‘хотіти’……………………………………………….113 3.1.4 Stem contraction………………………………………………………….115 3.1.5 Imperative mood inflection……………………………………………….119 3.1.6 Conclusions……………………………………………………………….120 3.2 Nominal inflection………………………………………………………………….121 3.2.1 The nominative plural ending…………………………………………….122 3.2.2 The prepositional case…………………………………………………….125 3.2.2.1 Singular…………………………………………………………125 3.2.2.2 Plural……………………………………………………………130 3.2.3 The Dative case…………………………………………………………...135 3.2.3.1 Masculine singular...……………………………………………135 3.2.3.2 Plural……………. ……………………………………………..137 3.2.4 The Genitive case…………………………………………………………138 3.2.4.1 Feminine singular……………………………………………….138 3.2.4.2 Plural……………………………………………………………141 3.2.5 The Instrumental case…………………………………………………….144 3.2.5.1 Singular…………………………………………………………145 3.2.5.2 Plural……………………………………………………………146 3.2.5 The Vocative case……………………………………...…………………146 3.2.6 Conclusions……………………………………………………………….149 Chapter Four: Syntax…………………………………………………………………………...150 4.1 Prepositions…………………………………………………………………………150 4.1.1 The preposition ‘до’………………………………………………………151 4.1.2 The preposition ‘about’…………………………………………………...154 ii 4.2 The dual….…………………………………………………………………………155 4.3 Animate direct objects……………………………………………………………...157 4.4 Possession……………………………………………………………………….….158 4.5 The imperfective future……………………………………………………………..161 4.6 The compound past tense…………………………………………………………...164 4.7 Clitics……………………………………………………………………………….166 4.7.1 Pronominal clitics………………………………………………………...166 4.7.2 Reflexive clitics…………………………………………………………..171 4.7.3 Imperfective future clitic………………………………………………….175 4.7.4 Conditional clitics………………………………………...………………178 4.7.5 Past preterit clitics………………………………………………………...180 4.7.6 Clitic ordering and strings………………………………………………...181 4.8 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………184 Chapter Five: Internal and External Factors Affecting Dialect Attitudes and Behaviors………185 5.1 Methodology and summary of interview data……………………………………...187 5.1.1 List of interviews……………………………...………………………….188 5.2 Identity and language choice……………………………………………………….189 5.3 Coming down from the mountain: bidialectalism among Hutsuls…………………192 5.4 Historical marginalization of Hutsuls……………………………………………...196 5.5 Hutsul cultural revival……………………………………………………………...197 5.6 Economic transformation and social mobility……………………………………...201 5.7 The decline of Hutsul social networks and the role of migration…………………..203 5.8 The role of children and young adults in language change………………………...207 5.9 “Hutsul Surzhyk”…………………………………………………………………...211 5.10 Interlopers and inter-group communication……………………………………….212 5.11 Accommodation and codeswitching………………………………………………214 5.12 Maintenance or loss? Future prospects……………………………………………218 5.13 Hutsul compared to Carpatho-Rusyn and Lemko……………………...………….220 References………………………………………………………………………………………223 iii Acknowledgements I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my committee members, Johanna Nichols (chair), Lev Michael, and Alan Timberlake, for their guidance and support throughout the process of researching and writing my dissertation. I would also like to thank the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, The Berkeley Program in Eurasian and East European Studies (BPS), and the Graduate Division for generously providing the funding that enabled my fieldwork in Ukraine. Finally, I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my Hutsul consultants who took the time to speak with me and share their lives and stories, especially Ivan Zelenčuk, who gave me almost unlimited