Energy Energy is the ability to do work or produce heat. Energy can be found in many different forms, and transformed between them. Law of Conservation of Energy: (First law of thermodynamics) – the total amount of energy in any closed system remains constant but energy may change from one form to another. ∆E = ∆E + ∆E universe system surrounding Kinetic energy: energy of moving particles. Heat is the total energy of molecular motion in a substance. Temperature is a measure of the average energy of molecular motion in a substance. The amount of energy is proportional to the temperature (in K). The more the particles in an object move around, the higher the temperature. Thermal Energy: is transferred through a material by the collisions of atoms within the material. Over time, the thermal energy tends to spread out through a material Potential energy: Stored energy that’s waiting for its chance to get moving. Chemical potential energy: The energy that’s stored Phase Changes in chemical bonds. Adding kinetic energy Removing kinetic Processes of Heat Transfer (Thermal Energy) energy Melting – solid to liquid Freezing – liquid to solid Conduction: Over time, the thermal energy tends to Evaporation – liquid to Condensation – gas to spread out through a material and from one material to gas liquid another if they are in contact. Sublimation – solid to gas Deposition – gas to solid Convection: Thermal energy can also be transferred Change in Energy: energy Change in Energy: energy is being absorbed. is being released. by means of currents in air, water, or other fluids. Motion of the Particles: Motion of the Particles: Radiation: Electromagnetic waves radiated into the the particles start to the particles start to slow environment; remember light energy? vibrate and pushing off of down each other Interaction between Endothermic Exothermic Interaction between particles: the Heat is absorbed from Heat is released to the particles: overcame intermolecular force pulls the surroundings surroundings intermolecular force and the particles together. The system gains heat The system loses heat separate. as the surroundings as the surroundings lose heat gain heat Feels colder to the Feels hotter to the surroundings surroundings The temperature goes The temperature goes down. up. .