Part 4: Watershed Management Final Report, Volume III Part 4: Watershed Management Supporting Report Table of Contents THE STUDY ON INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT FOR ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION OF THE ANZALI WETLAND FINAL REPORT Volume III Supporting Report TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 4 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT Page CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................. 1-1 1.1 General........................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Scope of the Study........................................................................................... 1-1 1.2.1 Study Area.................................................................................... 1-1 1.2.2 Coverage of the Study................................................................... 1-1 1.3 Composition of the Study Report...................................................................... 1-2 CHAPTER 2 PRESENT CONDITIONS OF THE WATERSHED........................... 2-1 2.1 Natural Conditions of the Watershed................................................................. 2-1 2.1.1 Topography .................................................................................. 2-1 2.1.2 Major Rivers and Sub-watersheds .................................................. 2-1 2.1.3 Geology and Soil .......................................................................... 2-3 2.1.4 Vegetation .................................................................................... 2-9 2.1.5 Land Use...................................................................................... 2-10 2.2 Socio-economic Conditions of the Watershed.................................................... 2-13 2.2.1 Administration and Demography ................................................... 2-13 2.2.2 Household Income ........................................................................ 2-14 2.2.3 Job Opportunities in the Study Area ............................................... 2-14 2.2.4 Ethnicity ...................................................................................... 2-14 2.3 Major Environmental Issues related to the Wetland............................................ 2-15 2.3.1 General ........................................................................................ 2-15 2.3.2 Situation of Soil Erosion................................................................ 2-15 2.3.3 Rangeland and Forest Degradation................................................. 2-20 Nippon Koei Co., Ltd The Study on Integrated Management for Ecosystem Conservation of the Anzali Wetland i Final Report, Volume III Part 4: Watershed Management Supporting Report Table of Contents CHAPTER 3 PRESENT WATERSHED MANAGEMENT ..................................... 3-1 3.1 Institutional Framework................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Laws and Regulations ................................................................... 3-1 3.1.2 Organizations ............................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Current Soil Erosion Control............................................................................ 3-4 3.2.1 Direct Measures for Soil Erosion Control ....................................... 3-4 3.2.2 Prevention of Landslides and Slope Collapse.................................. 3-7 3.3 Present Forest and Rangeland Management....................................................... 3-7 3.3.1 Jurisdiction of NRGO.................................................................... 3-7 3.3.2 Forest Management....................................................................... 3-9 3.3.3 Rangeland Management ................................................................ 3-18 3.4 Plain Area Management................................................................................... 3-20 3.5 Major Management Issues and Possible Prospects under the Present Systems...... 3-21 3.5.1 Soil Erosion Control and Prevention of Land Slides ........................ 3-21 3.5.2 Forest and Rangeland Management................................................ 3-22 3.5.3 Livestock Resettlement Program.................................................... 3-24 CHAPTER 4 PROPOSED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN ....................... 4-1 4.1 General........................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.1 Objectives .................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.2 Strategies...................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.3 Precondition/External Condition .................................................... 4-5 4.1.4 Components of the Watershed Management Plan ............................ 4-6 4.2 Soil Erosion Control........................................................................................ 4-6 4.2.1 Erosion Control ............................................................................ 4-6 4.2.2 Measures to Prevent Landslides and Slope Collapse........................ 4-19 4.2.3 Effects of Soil Erosion Control Works ............................................ 4-20 4.3 Forest and Rangeland Management .................................................................. 4-23 4.3.1 General ........................................................................................ 4-23 4.3.2 Conduct of a Pilot Activity of Participatory Resource Management .. 4-23 4.3.3 Reforestation of Degraded Forests (70 km2).................................... 4-27 4.3.4 Reforestation in the Margin Areas (112 km2)................................... 4-30 4.3.5 Forest Management under the Forestry Plans .................................. 4-32 4.3.6 Conservation of Protected Forests .................................................. 4-33 4.3.7 Rangeland Management by Graziers .............................................. 4-33 4.3.8 Preparation of Regulations Necessary for Participatory Resource Management .................................................................. 4-38 4.3.9 Improvement of the Livestock Resettlement Program...................... 4-38 Nippon Koei Co., Ltd The Study on Integrated Management for Ecosystem Conservation of the Anzali Wetland ii Final Report, Volume III Part 4: Watershed Management Supporting Report Table of Contents 4.4 Plain Area Management (Countermeasures for Sediment Runoff)....................... 4-40 4.4.1 Source-level Control of Sediment Runoff in the Plain Areas ............ 4-40 4.4.2 Measures to Control Inflow of Sediment into the Wetland................ 4-41 4.3.3 River Management for Extreme Conditions .................................... 4-42 4.5 Livelihood Development ................................................................................. 4-42 4.5.1 Participatory Study on Livelihood Improvement of Graziers ............ 4-43 4.5.2 Capacity Development of NRGO Provincial and Local Offices........ 4-44 4.5.3 Livelihood Improvement of Local People in Forest and Rangeland Management................................................................................. 4-47 4.6 Environmental Monitoring . ........... .................................................................. 4-51 4.6.1 General ........................................................................................ 4-51 4.6.2 Monitoring of Soil Erosion Effect .................................................. 4-51 4.6.3 Monitoring of Land Use/Vegetation Cover...................................... 4-52 4.6.4 Monitoring of Rangeland Management........................................... 4-53 4.6.5 Monitoring of Forest Management ................................................. 4-54 4.6.6 Monitoring of the Livestock Resettlement Program......................... 4-55 4.7 Institutional Arrangement ................................................................................ 4-56 4.7.1 Coordination among the Relevant Organizations ............................. 4-56 4.7.2 Capacity Development for Sustainable Watershed Management....... 4-57 CHAPTER 5 COST ESTIMATE............................................................................. 5-1 5.1 Basic Conditions of Cost Estimate.................................................................... 5-1 5.1.1 Conditions and Assumptions.......................................................... 5-1 5.1.2 Cost Components.......................................................................... 5-1 5.2 Cost Estimate.................................................................................................. 5-1 5.2.1 Project Cost.................................................................................................... 5-1 5.2.2 Operation and Maintenance Cost.................................................... 5-11 5.2.3 Annual Cost Disbursement Schedule.............................................. 5-11 CHAPTER 6 IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM.................................................... 6-1 6.1 General........................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 Implementation Agencies................................................................................. 6-3 6.3 Evaluation of the Proposed Projects.................................................................. 6-3 6.3.1 Evaluation Criteria.......................................................................