361 Index a – PCR 224 abdominal and intestinal anthrax 14 – – virus culture and antigen testing 224 abscesses 40 – prevention 340–341 acid-fast bacilli (AFB) 151 – protection 338–339 activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) – treatment 342 219 Argentinian hemorrhagic fever (AHF) 213, Advisory Committee on Immunization 217, 219, 220 Practices (ACIP) 203 ‘‘Army Vaccine’’ 97 African tick bite fever (ATBF) 124, 129, 142 arthropod-borne infections 124, 125, 127, agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) 181 128, 129, 139, 142 Agrobacterium 20 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) 177, 178 Alphaproteobacteria 124 Amblyomma hebraeum 129 b Amblyomma variegatum 129 bacille Calmette–Guerin´ (BCG) 150, 153, amplified fragment length polymorphism 155 (AFLP) 159 Bacillus anthracis 5, 159 Anaplasmataceae 124, 126 – characteristics 5–6 Andes virus (ANDV) 273, 276, 277 – clinical and pathological findings anthrax. See Bacillus anthracis 13–14 antibiotic resistance 7–8 – – abdominal and intestinal anthrax 14 antigen detection 8 – – inhalation and pulmonary anthrax 14 Antiqua biovar 93 – – oropharyngeal anthrax 14 Arenaviridae 253 – clinical guidelines 297 arenaviruses 211–212 – decontamination 296 – clinical signs – diagnosis – – New World hemorrhagic fevers 214–215 – – antibiotic resistance 7–8 – – Old World hemorrhagic fevers 214 – – antigen detection 8 – decontamination 340 – – chromosome 10–11 – diagnostics COPYRIGHTED– – growth characteristics MATERIAL 6–7 – – serological tests 223 – – MLVA, SNR, and SNP typing 11 – disinfection 339–340 – – molecular identification 8–10 – epidemiology – – phage testing and biochemistry 8 – – New World 213–214 – – phenotypical identification 6 – – Old World 212–213 – – serological investigations 11 – pathogenesis 218–223 – disinfection 295, 296 – pathological signs – epidemiology 15 – – New World hemorrhagic fevers 217–218 – pathogenesis – – Old World hemorrhagic fevers 215–216 – – animals 12 BSL3 and BSL4 Agents: Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Practical Guidelines, First Edition. Edited by Mandy C. Elschner, Sally J. Cutler, Manfred Weidmann, and Patrick Butaye. 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2012 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 362 Index Bacillus anthracis (contd.) ––animals 41–42 – – humans 12–13 – – human 40 – prevention 296 – clinical guidelines 302 – prophylaxis 296 – decontamination 301 – protection 295 – diagnosis 38 – treatment 297 – – antigen detection 39 Bacillus cereus 6, 8, 9, 10, 16 – – cultural identification 38 Bacillus mycoides 6 – – molecular based methods 39 Bacillus pseudomycoides 6 – – serology 39–40 Bacillus thuringiensis 6 – disinfection 301 Bacillus weihenstephanensis 6 – epidemiology 42–43 bacterial typing 160 – molecular typing 43 Bartonella 20, 62 – prophylaxis 302 Bartonellaceae 126 – protection 301 BCSP31 protein 26 – treatment 302 biofilm 91 Burkholderia oklahomensis 48 biovars 87, 92 Burkholderia pseudomallei 38, 39, 47–48 bluetongue virus 263 – clinical and pathological findings Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF) 213 ––animals 50–51 botonneuse fever. See Mediterranean spotted – – humans 50 fever (MSF) – clinical guidelines 304 Brill–Zinsser disease 127, 137 – decontamination 303 Brucella abortus 26, 27, 30, 31 – diagnosis 48 Brucella canis 25, 27, 30, 31 – – antigen detection 49 Brucella inopinata 28 – – cultural identification 48–49 Brucella melitensis 20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 30, 31 – – molecular based methods 49 Brucella neotomae 30 – – serology 49–50 Brucella ovis 25, 30 – disinfection 303 Brucella species 19 – epidemiology 52 – characteristics 20–21 – molecular typing 52 – clinical and pathological findings 27–29 – prophylaxis 304 – clinical guidelines 300 – protection 303 – control strategies 31 – treatment 304 – diagnosis 22–25 – – immunological approaches 25 c – – polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays caf1 gene 91 25–26 Callithrix jacchus 216, 243 – disinfection 298–299 Calomys callosus 213 – epidemiology 29 Calomys musculinus 213 – molecular typing methods 29–31 capA gene 10 – pathogenesis 26–27 capB gene 10 – prevention 299 capC gene 10 – prophylaxis 299 Cavia porcellus 216 – protection 298 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) 155 – treatment 300 Chapare virus (CHAPV) 213 Brucella suis 27, 30, 31 Chlamydiaceae 62 brucellosis. See Brucella species Chlamydia pneumoniae 63 bubonic plague 94 Chlorocebus aethiops 242 Bundibugyo ebolavirus 237 Chordopoxvirinae 205 Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) 237, 242, 243 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Bunyaviridae 253, 255, 256, 273, 274 (CLSI) 8 Burkholderia cepacia 48 clustered regularly interspaced short Burkholderia mallei 37–38 palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) 93 – clinical and pathological findings coagulase 91 Index 363 complement fixation test (CFT) 39, 40 Dermacentor andersoni 125, 139 Corynebacterium 149 Dermacentor-borne necrosis erythema and cowpox virus 201, 203 lymphadenopathy (DEBONEL) 137 Coxiella burnetii 57–58 Dermacentor marginatus 138 – characteristics 58 Dermacentor reticularis 138 – clinical and pathological findings 63 Dermacentor variabilis 139 – – acute Q fever 63 Didelphis virginiana 140 – – chronic Q fever 64 discrimination index (DI) 161 – clinical guidelines 308 disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) – decontamination 307 219, 245, 258 – diagnosis 59 dksA-xerC intergenic spacer 134 – – cultivation 59–60 Dobrava virus (DOBV) 273, 276, 277 – – direct detection 59 – – serology 61–62 e – – specific DNA detection 60–61 Ebola virus (EBOV) 237, 239, 240, 242, 243 – disinfection 306, 307 Ebola virus disease (EVD) 239, 242–243, – epidemiology and molecular typing 64 245, 246 – – IS1111 typing 65 Echidnophaga gallinacea 106 – – MLVA typing 66 Eclipse probes 209 – – multispacer sequence typing 65 Ehrlichieae 126 – – plasmid types 64–65 endospores 58 ––RFLP 65 Enterobacteriaceae 58 – pathogenesis 62–63 Enterococcus species 11 – prevention 307 enzootic state 86 – prophylaxis 307 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) – protection 306 11, 39, 49, 72, 95, 96, 182, 223, 246, 279, 280 – treatment 308 epizootic hosts 102, 108 Coxiella species 124, 126 epizootic state 86 Crabtreella 20 escaro-nodular fever. See Mediterranean Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus spotted fever (MSF) (CCHFV) 255 eschar 136 – characteristics 256 – clinical and pathological findings 257 f – clinical guidelines 353 farcy 37 – decontamination 351 farcy buds 37 – diagnosis 258 Felis canadensis 109 – – antigen detection 259 Felis concolor 109 – – molecular methods 259 Fibrin degradation products (FDPs) 219 – – serology 259 Filoviridae 237, 253 – – virus isolation 259 filoviruses – disinfection 351 – characteristics 237–239 – epidemiology 256 – clinical signs 242–243 – pathogenesis 257–258 – decontamination 344–345 – prevention 352 – diagnostic procedures 246 – protection 351 – disease outbreaks 241 – treatment 352 – disease survivors, symptoms and clinical Ctenocephalides felis 140 signs of 244 Ctenocephalides felis strongylus 109 – disinfection 344–345 culling policy 39 – epidemiology 239–242 cutaneous anthrax 13 – pathogenesis 245–246 – pathological findings 243–245 d – prevention 345 Daeguia 20 – prophylaxis 345 decay-accelerating factor (DAF) 275 – protection 344 364 Index filoviruses (contd.) hantavirus 273 – taxonomy 238 – characteristics 274–275 – treatment 346 – clinical findings 277 Flaviviridae 253 ––HCPS 278 fleas 124, 128, 129, 130, 134, 136, 139, 140, – – HFRS 277–278 142 – clinical guidelines 359–360 Fleckfieber 126 – decontamination 358 fliCgene 49 – diagnosis 279 fluorescence melting curve analysis (FMCA) – – serology 279–280 206, 207 – – virus detection 280–281 focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) – disinfection 358 280 – epidemiology 276–277 fopA gene 73 – pathogenesis 279 fowl plague 179 – prevention 359 Francisella novicida 71, 77, 78 – protection 358 Francisella tularensis 71 – treatment 359 – characteristics 72 hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome – clinical and pathological findings (HCPS) 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280 – – animals 74 hemagglutination inhibition test (HAI) – – humans 74, 76–77 181–182 – clinical guidelines 311 hemagglutinin (HA) protein 176, 181 – decontamination 309 hemorrhagic fevers. See arenaviruses; – diagnosis filoviruses – – direct isolation 72–73 hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome – – molecular biology tools for identification (HFRS) 273, 274, 276, 277–278, 279, 280 73 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) – – phenotypical characteristics 73 175, 177, 178, 182 – – serology 72 – infection in animals 179–180 – disinfection 309 – epidemiology in H5N1 viruses in Africa – epidemiology and molecular typing 77–79 186 – pathogenesis 73–74 – genetic diversity of H5N1 virus 184 – prevention 310 – H5N1 virus chronology – prophylaxis 310 – – first wave 182–183 – protection 309 – – in Africa 185–187 – treatment 311 ––secondwave 183 – – third wave 183–185 g – infection in humans 180 glanders. See Burkholderia mallei – virus outbreaks 187–188 gltA sequences 132 high performance liquid chromatography GP genes 237 (HPLC) 153, 154 Guanarito virus (GTOV) 213–214, 218 hms gene 91, 106 guinea pig model 216, 223 holarctica 71, 77, 78, 79 Holosporaceae 124 h human leukocyte antigen (HLA) 277 H5N1 virus 178 Hyalomma genus 255, 256 – chronology Hyalomma marginatum marginatum 255 – – first wave 182–183 hypervariable octameric oligonucleotide finger – – in Africa 185–187 prints (Hoof Prints) 30 – – second wave 183 – – third wave 183–185 i – infection in animals 179–180 immunefluorescence assay (IFA) 280 – infection in humans 180 indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) 50 Haemophilus influenzae 26 indirect immunofluorescence