The State of the Right to Education Worldwide Free or Fee: 2006 Global Report Katarina Tomasevski Copenhagen, August 2006 Katarina Tomasevski - Free or Fee: 2006 Global Report i Table of Contents Preface, acknowledgments and anti-acknowledgments.........................................................x INTRODUCTION Why don’t we have a single global strategy for education? ...............................................xiv How and why the existing global targets nullify human rights? ........................................xix Why education should not have been entrusted to World Bank’s economists? .................xxi How would human rights law alter global targets? ..........................................................xxiv Why are human rights violators bad educators?...............................................................xxvi Why should we care?........................................................................................................xxix SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Educational toll of World Bank’s recipes..............................................................................1 Freeing education from debt bondage....................................................................................4 Constitutional guarantees versus fiscal policies ....................................................................6 Educational cost of military expenditure ...............................................................................9 Troubling global targetology ...............................................................................................12 Countries providing free primary education Mauritius..............................................................................................................................15 Sao Tomé and Principe ........................................................................................................15 Seychelles ............................................................................................................................16 Countries without free education Angola..................................................................................................................................17 Benin....................................................................................................................................19 Botswana..............................................................................................................................20 Burkina Faso ........................................................................................................................21 Burundi ................................................................................................................................21 Cameroon.............................................................................................................................23 Cape Verde...........................................................................................................................24 Central African Republic .....................................................................................................24 Chad .....................................................................................................................................25 Congo/Brazzaville................................................................................................................26 Congo/Kinshasa ...................................................................................................................28 Côte D’Ivoire .......................................................................................................................29 Equatorial Guinea ................................................................................................................30 Eritrea...................................................................................................................................31 Ethiopia................................................................................................................................32 Gabon...................................................................................................................................35 Gambia.................................................................................................................................35 Ghana ...................................................................................................................................36 Guinea..................................................................................................................................37 Guinea Bissau ......................................................................................................................38 Kenya ...................................................................................................................................39 Lesotho.................................................................................................................................42 Liberia..................................................................................................................................43 Katarina Tomasevski - Free or Fee: 2006 Global Report ii Madagascar ..........................................................................................................................44 Malawi .................................................................................................................................45 Mali......................................................................................................................................47 Mauritania............................................................................................................................48 Mozambique ........................................................................................................................49 Namibia................................................................................................................................50 Niger ....................................................................................................................................51 Nigeria..................................................................................................................................52 Rwanda ................................................................................................................................53 Senegal.................................................................................................................................54 Sierra Leone.........................................................................................................................56 Somalia ................................................................................................................................56 South Africa.........................................................................................................................58 Swaziland.............................................................................................................................62 Tanzania...............................................................................................................................62 Togo .....................................................................................................................................65 Uganda .................................................................................................................................66 Zambia .................................................................................................................................67 Zimbabwe ............................................................................................................................69 EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA Transition from the Second to the Third World...................................................................71 The short, sharp shock in education.....................................................................................73 Enter for-fee education ........................................................................................................75 Educational cost of militarization ........................................................................................79 Individual Countries Albania.................................................................................................................................81 Armenia................................................................................................................................83 Azerbaijan............................................................................................................................85 Belarus .................................................................................................................................86 Bosnia and Herzegovina ......................................................................................................87 Bulgaria................................................................................................................................89 Croatia..................................................................................................................................91 Georgia.................................................................................................................................92 Kazakhstan...........................................................................................................................93