Crossing Imaginary Boundaries Crossing EDITED BY MIKA S. PAJUNEN AND HANNA TERVANOTKO EDITED BY MIKA S. PAJUNEN AND HANNA TERVANOTKO PUBLICATIONS OF THE FINNISH EXEGETICAL SOCIETY 108 Finnish scholars have been involved in the study of the Dead Sea Scrolls in ever growing numbers since the 1950s. This volume pays tribute to this Helsinki school of Qumran studies, which is Crossing Imaginary Boundaries presently one of the largest in the world, by presenting the work of the Finnish scholars currently active in this fi eld of study. The contributions of Crossing Imaginary Boundaries explore the Dead Sea Scrolls within the broader context of Second Temple The Dead Sea Scrolls in the Context of Judaism. The volume challenges the reader to rethink critically the categories and interdisciplinary borders currently used in Second Temple Judaism the study of ancient Jewish texts. In particular, Qumran research has frequently been seen as a limited esoteric area closed off from other areas of Biblical studies. This collection is an attempt to question and bridge some of these imaginary boundaries between scholarly disciplines and to demonstrate the impor- tance of crossing them in order to get a fuller understanding of all these ancient texts and their underlying social phenomena. EDITED BY MIKA S. PAJUNEN AND HANNA TERVANOTKO ISSN 0356-2786 ISBN 978-951-9217-63-5 Crossing Imaginary Boundaries The Dead Sea Scrolls in the Context of Second Temple Judaism 2nd printing Publications of the Finnish Exegetical Society Series Editor: Jutta Jokiranta Layout and typography: Susanna Asikainen Cover: Kirsi Valkama Cover photo: Kirsi Valkama ISSN: 0356-2786 ISBN (pdf): 978-951-51-5005-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31885/9789515150059 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License CC BY PUBLICATIONS OF THE FINNISH EXEGETICAL SOCIETY 108 Crossing Imaginary Boundaries The Dead Sea Scrolls in the Context of Second Temple Judaism E D I T E D B Y MIKA S. PAJUNEN AND HANNA TERVANOTKO The Finnish Exegetical Society Helsinki 2017 Contents Preface ..................................................................................... 1 Questioning Concepts, Categories, and Methods Multiple Copies of Rule Texts or Multiple Rule Texts? Boundaries of the S and M Documents (Jutta Jokiranta & Hanna Vanonen) .............................................................. 11 Challenging the Dichotomy between Halakhah and Community Legislation (Sarianna Metso) ............................. 61 Constructing the Boundary between Two Worlds: The Concept of Sacred in the Qumran Texts (Hanne von Weissenberg & Christian Seppänen) ..................................... 71 Applying Traditional Methods to Fresh Texts The Temple Scroll as Evidence for Editorial Processes of the Pentateuch (Juha Pakkala) ............................................. 101 How to Expel a Demon: Form- and Tradition-Critical Assessment of the Ritual of Exorcism in 11Qapocryphal Psalms (Mika S. Pajunen) .................................................... 128 Exploring the Transmission of the Divine Will Oracles at Qumran? Traces of Inspired Speakers in the Dead Sea Scrolls (Martti Nissinen) ...................................... 165 Sages in the Divine Council: Transmitting Divine Knowledge in Sirach 24, 1 Enoch 14–16, Daniel 7, and in Two Hodayot Psalms (1QH a 12:6–13:6; 20:7–22:42) (Katri Antin) ....................................................................... 182 Visions, Otherworldly Journeys and Divine Beings: The Figures of Levi and Amram as Communicators of Godly Will in the Dead Sea Scrolls (Hanna Tervanotko) ............... 210 Tracing the Early Reception of Traditions Awareness of Nudity in Jubilees 3: Adam Portrayed as a Priest in the Garden (Jessi Orpana) ...................................... 241 The Proverbs Tradition in the Dead Sea Scrolls (Elisa Uusimäki) ........................................................................... 259 Preface Between 2008 and 2011 Professor (emerita) Raija Sollamo directed a research project, Conflicting Identities: Social and Religious Identities in Light of the Qumran Material from the Judaean Desert , funded by the Academy of Finland. Three doctoral students, the present editors and Hanna Vanonen, and two post-doctoral researchers, Juhana Saukkonen and Hanne von Weissenberg worked within the framework of the pro- ject and another post-doctoral researcher, Jutta Jokiranta was affiliated with it. In the final meeting of the project, the members of the group evaluated the past decades of Qumran research in Finland. They acknowledged that since the 1950s when the first Finnish scholars had gotten involved in the study of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the group of peo- ple interested in this field had grown considerably and the Finnish re- searchers had left their own distinct mark in this area of research. 1 During the first fifty years, the field of Qumran studies in Helsinki was particularly influenced by two factors. First, with the opening of the Scrolls archives and reorganization of the international publication pro- ject in the early 1990s, a new era of Qumran research began that re- newed the interest in the Scrolls in Finland as well. Second, looking at Finland, the study of the Dead Sea Scrolls also speeded up for another reason. Raija Sollamo incorporated the Scrolls into the regular teaching program of Biblical Studies. 2 These lectures attracted many students and the most talented and motivated of Sollamo’s students continued their studies to the doctoral level. Since then, altogether six Scrolls-related doctoral dissertations have been defended under the supervision of Sollamo. The first student to complete her doctoral studies in this field in Helsinki was Sarianna 1 For the history of Finnish Qumran research, see Sarianna Metso, “Qumran Research in Nordic Countries,” Dead Sea Scrolls in Scholarly Perspective (ed. D. Dimant; STDJ 99; Lei- den: Brill, 2012), 611–19 and Raija Sollamo, “Study of the Qumran Texts in Finland,” in Teologinen Aikakauskirja 118 (2013): 270–78 [in Finnish]. 2 Sollamo has described this development in the “Study of the Qumran Texts in Finland.” 2 Metso who defended her dissertation in 1996. The second wave, Juhana Saukkonen, Jutta Jokiranta, and Hanne von Weissenberg followed in 2005–2006, and the third, Mika Pajunen, and Hanna Tervanotko, in 2012–2013. We can already talk about continuity in this area of re- search because Hanne von Weissenberg co-supervised the dissertation of Elisa Uusimäki, who defended it in 2013. Currently more DSS related dissertations are well under way. The Finnish contributions to this area of research vary in their methodological approaches, general topics, and selected scopes. Thus, it is difficult to name one specific area of expertise that would be charac- teristic of “the Helsinki school.” However, given Sollamo’s own articu- lated interest in textual criticism as well as Greek and Hebrew philolo- gy, it is typical that the students preparing either their Master’s theses or dissertations begin their work with a thorough study of the primary sources. Thus, we can at least say that the Finnish studies are character- ized most of all by careful study of the texts themselves. It should be stressed that the interest in the Scrolls in Helsinki is not limited to the dissertations directly focusing on Qumran. Scholars who are primarily known in other areas of research in the study of an- cient Jewish texts, have occasionally joined the Helsinki Qumran group and subsequently have incorporated the Scrolls as a part of their own scholarly curriculum. Especially the Finnish translations of the DSS have facilitated cooperation between scholars representing different areas of research. Significantly, Raija Sollamo invited others besides Scrolls scholars to contribute to these translations.3 Moreover, the trans- lation work has led to over twenty Master’s theses on the Scrolls in the last twenty years. Evaluating the past and the present state of Qumran research in Finland made the members of the research project Conflicting Identities conclude that the moment had arrived to invite all the different people 3 Raija Sollamo (ed.), Kuolleen meren kirjakääröt: Qumranin tekstit suomeksi (Helsinki: Hel- sinki University Press, 1991) and Qumranin kirjasto: Valikoima teoksia (Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 1997). A third Finnish volume with even more translations under the editorship of Raija Sollamo and Mika S. Pajunen is in press. 3 involved in Finnish Qumran research to join forces in a collection of articles. The purpose of the volume is thus first to pay tribute to the Helsinki school of Qumran studies, which is presently one of the largest in the world. Second, by our selected perspective on the DSS studies, our wish is to be another voice in the growing chorus that aims at inte- grating DSS studies into the broader context of the Second Temple Judaism. *** The title of this volume, Crossing Imaginary Boundaries: The Dead Sea Scrolls in the Context of Second Temple Judaism , challenges the reader to think about how we are influenced by certain categories used in the study of ancient Jewish texts. While our minds clearly need some cate- gories in order to organize and process the data, we should carefully assess when these categories are helpful and when, in contrast, they block us from advancing our knowledge. The importance of the DSS for the study of the Bible and especial- ly for textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible has been known and recog- nized from