Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01691-0 - Climate Change in Deserts: Past, Present and Future Martin Williams Index More information Index Accelerated soil erosion, 70, 166 Alluvial fans, 169–70, 172, 178, 266–7, 461 Acheulian, 118–19, 198, 203, 271, 308–9, 313, 345 Alpine glaciations, 215–16, 226–7 Adaptations to aridity, 37–56 Amazon basin, 75, 408–9, 415–17 animals, 45–6 America, see North America, South America humans, 37–40, 203, 216–55 Amino-acid racemisation dating, 95–6 plants, 40–6, 62 Andes, uplift, 239–40, 407–13 Adiabatic lapse rate, 14, 234 Antarctica Adrar Bous, Sahara, 102, 189, 271, 312, 317–18 carbon dioxide, 35, 243, 505 Aeolian/eolian dust, see Dust cooling, 28 Afar desert, see also Middle Awash dust, 29 alluvium, 159–60 glaciation, 24, 28, 30, 243–4, 431 hominids, 159, 286–7, 304 ice core record, 35, 228, 505–6, 525 lakes, 65, 159, 190–1 methane, 35, 505 rift, 337–9 Aphelion, see astronomical theory stone tools, 32 Aquatic organisms, terrestrial, 289–93 Africa, see also Sahara Aquifers, recharge, 40 biomass burning, 484–6 see also groundwater Cenozoic desiccation, 30, 331–7 Arabian deserts, 67, 349–51 Cenozoic tectonism, 30, 331–7 Aral Sea, 490–1 Chad basin, 30–1 Archaeological evidence, 308–27 climate, 329–30, 470–1 Arctic sea ice desertification, 317, 494–6 present extent, 513 drought, 464–8 Cenozoic growth, 391, 393–4 dust, 149 Ardipithecus, 305 glaciation, 225–6, 235–6 Areic, 38, 162 Harmattan, 72, 142 Argon-argon dating, 85–6 Holocene climates, 184–5, 189–90, 222–3, 470–1 Aridity lake fluctuations, 30–1, 191, 198–202, 215–18 causes of, 14–18, 20–1 last glacial maximum, 220–2 glacial, 185–6, 220–2 overgrazing, 317, 488–9 present-day distribution, 2 precipitation, 329–30 Arrhenius, Svante, 508–9 Quaternary climates, 215–18, 224, 344 Arroyo, see Gullies tectonic history, 25, 30, 331–7 Asia, see also China, India volcanoes, 339–40 Cenozoic cooling, 366–7 wind systems, 329–30 Cenozoic desiccation, 32, 364–8 Afro-Arabian dome, 337–3 Cenozoic tectonism, 364–8 Agriculture climate, 361–3 origins, 47, 311–13 deserts, 68, 360–83 prehistoric, 47, 50, 311–13 desertification, 68, 489–94 A¨ır Mts, 30 dunes, 370–2, 491–4 Albedo, drought model, 466–8 glaciation, 237–9, 378–9 Allerød-Bølling interstadial, see Bølling-Allerød lakes, 204–5, 218, 377–8 interstadial landscapes, 363–4 621 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01691-0 - Climate Change in Deserts: Past, Present and Future Martin Williams Index More information 622 Index Asia (cont.) westerlies, 437 loess, 491–2 Willandra lakes, 192–3, 205–6, 208, 437, 443, 437 marine sediments, 381–2 Australopithecus, 53, 159, 286, 300 monsoon systems, 361–3, 367–8 onset of desiccation, 364–8 Badain Jaran desert, China, 204, 364, 371–2 rivers, 186, 218–19, 366, 372–5 Bale Mts., Ethiopia, glaciation, see Ethiopia, glaciation speleothems, 380–1 Beryllium 10 (10Be) dating, 94–5, 237–8, 240–2, 305, Toba volcano, 375–7 366, 428–30 Astronomical cycles, see astronomical theory Bilharzia, see schistosomiasis Astronomical theory (of climatic change), 33, 227–8 Biodiversity, 519–23, 528 Atacama desert, 17, 75, 408–13 Biogeophysical model of drought, 466–8 Atlantic Ocean Biomass burning, 484–6 influence on climate, 229, 240, 244, 391 Bioturbation, see soil, bioturbation thermohaline circulation, 391 Bipolar seesaw, 241, 243–4 Atlas Mts., glaciation, 225 Blue Nile Atmosphere alluvial history, 105, 181–4, 186, 217, 267, 342, effect of composition on climate, 500, 503–10 351–4 human impact on, 503–10 distributary channels, 171–81 Atmospheric carbon dioxide, 500, 503–10 fan, 177–81 Atmospheric circulation, 14–16, 358, 410, 426, 451 gorge, 342–3 Australia incision, 178, 342–3 biomass burning, 444–6, 485 Bolivian Altiplano, 34, 408, 412–14 Cenozoic desiccation, 32, 298, 430–4 Bølling-Allerød interstadial, 256, 297, 324, 405 Cenozoic tectonism, 25–7, 430–3 Bond cycles, 36 climate, 423–7 Botswana, 468, 522 Cooper Creek, 72, 140, 159, 207, 440 Brazil deforestation, 486–8 droughts, 468–9 desert dunes, 71, 136–40, 436 speleothems, 255–6, 468–9 desert dust (loess), 70–2, 143, 154–5, 436–7 Brunhes magnetic chron, 83–4 desert exploration, 70–1 Butchery site, prehistoric, 318–20 desert landscapes, 6–7, 424–5, 428–30, 437 droughts, 451–60 Cainozoic, see Cenozoic early Holocene, 445 Calcrete, 160, 219, 275–88, 370 Eastern Highlands, 192, 208, 239 Carbon dioxide (CO2) El Nino,˜ 452 glacial atmospheric levels, 506 erosion rates, 430 historic increase in atmospheric concentration, faunal extinctions, 207, 250–1, 320–3, 442, 444–7, 505 485 interglacial atmospheric levels, 506 fire, 322–3, 444–6, 485 possible impact on future global temperature, fire-stick farming, 485 505 Flinders Ranges, 195, 207, 428, 435, 439, 447 released by burning fossil fuels, 507 floods, 451–60 Carbon isotopes glaciation, 176, 242–3, 438 in plants, 31, 107, 367 Great Artesian Basin, 40 in soils, 31, 107, 109, 367–8, 370, 375, 395 Lake Eyre, see lakes in speleothems, 247, 251–3, 256 Lake Mungo, see lakes Cenozoic lakes, 72, 205, 207, 220, 435–6, 441–3 cooling, 28 last glacial maximum, 72, 206–7, 438–9, 441, 443–4, desiccation, 24, 29, 30 448 sedimentation, 27 Lynch’s Crater, Queensland, pollen record, 434–5 tectonism, 24–30 Murray-Darling, 266 time-scale, 23 periglacial solifluction, 72, 220, 438 weathering, 280, 298 present-day climate, 423–7 Charophyte, 390 Quaternary climates, 219–20, 434–48 Chihuahuan desert, see North America Riverine Plain, 72, 174–6, 439–40 China rivers, 72, 174–7, 186, 439–41 Cenozoic cooling, 28 salinization, 488 Cenozoic desiccation, 24, 29–30 separation from Antarctica, 26–7, 431–2 desert dunes, 131–4, 370–2 Snowy Mts., 176, 438 desertification, 491–4 source-bordering dunes, 140, 439–41 droughts, 452–9 summer monsoon, 447 floods, 452–9 vegetation history, 186, 433–6, 438–9 lakes, 204, 377–8 wetlands, 437 loess, 31–2, 35, 69, 152–4, 157, 368–70 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01691-0 - Climate Change in Deserts: Past, Present and Future Martin Williams Index More information Index 623 Loess Plateau, 32, 152–4, 157, 366, 368 biophysical factors, 485 speleothems, 251–3, 380–1 causes, 66, 477, 480–6, 517, 519 Chironomid, 290–1 consequences, 477, 484, 490 Cladocera, 290 definition, 473–6, 486, 517 Clay dunes, 121–2 detection, 488 Climate change, present-day dryland salinization, 487–8 causes of, 500–15 economic factors, 481–3 carbon dioxide, 500, 504–7 extent, 489, 496–7 greenhouse effect, 500, 503–10 fire, 484–6, 495 impact, 500–1, 510–15 hazards, 523 methane, 504–7 human impact, 473–99 trends, 505, 508–10 natural, 476, 477–9 Climatic cooling and volcanism, 517 overgrazing, 488–9, 493 Climatic warming, see climate change, trends plant cover, 479–80, 487–8, 493–6, 520–3 Clumped isotopes, 99 prevention, 497–9, 516–30 Colorado plateau, see North America processes, 476–9, 480–6 Complex response, of rivers, 9 social factors, 481–3 Continental breakup, 25–6, 431–2 solutions, 498, 516–30 Continentality, 16–17 Deuterium, temperature record, 243 Cores, deep-sea, 381, 501 Dew point, 15, 16 Cosmogenic nuclide dating, 94–5 Diatoms, 65, 142, 146, 189, 191, 194, 299–300, Cosmogenic radionuclides (CRN), 94–5 345 Disjunct distribution, fauna and flora, 284–5 Dams, 526 Distributary/distributive fluvial system, 162, 164, Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events, 35, 248, 173 251 Drake Passage, opening of, 24, 367, 412 Darwin, Charles, 70, 75, 142, 146, 407 Droughts Dating methods, 77–97 albedo model, 466–8 Dead Sea, Lake Lisan, 197, 202–3 causes of, 449–72 Dead Sea rift, 273 definition, 450 Debris-flow, 169 El Nino-Southern˜ Oscillation (ENSO) events, Deep-sea cores, see cores, deep-sea 451–62, 471–2, 511–12 Deep weathering, see weathering historic, 60, 158, 449–72 Deflation, 191 Sahel, 464–8 Deforestation, 486–96 volcanic eruptions, 462–4 Deglaciation, causes of, 228–9 Dunes Dendrochronology, 96 Active, 19, 114–15 Denisovan, 307 Africa, 119–20, 125, 134 Desert Arabia, 126–7 causes, 14 Australia, 19, 136–40 definition, 3, 12 barchan, 113, 118–19 distribution, 2, 13 China, 131–4 dunes, 112–41, 370–2 clay, 121 dust, 142–57, 363, 366, 368–70 dating, 119, 121–3 encroachment, 475 distribution, 114–17 floods, 158–9 downwind of lakes, 137 glaciation, 224–44 fixed, 114–16, 119, 125, 266 history of research, 57–76 gypsum, 121 lakes, 8–9, 189–223 Kalahari desert, 134–6 landscapes, 1, 4 linear, 113, 117–19, 137 origins, 516 lunette, 121–2 pavement, 167, 273 mobilisation, 20, 117–19, 492–4 pluvial, 209–23 Namib desert, 134–6 polygenic landscapes, 4, 5–8 Negev desert, 126 refugia, 284–5 North America, 141 rivers, 9, 38–9, 158–88 orientation, 119 soils, 258–82 soil, 265–6 Desertification stabilisation, 125–6 Africa, 494–6 Sahara, 19, 30, 119, 123–6 Asia, 489–94 source-bordering, 120–1, 140, 352–3 assessment, 496–7 South America, 409, 417 Australia, 486–9 Thar Desert, India, 127–30 biomass burning, 484–6, 499 Duricrust, 258, 275–80 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01691-0 - Climate Change in Deserts: Past, Present and Future Martin Williams Index More information 624 Index Dust El Nino-Southern˜ Oscillation (ENSO) events, characteristics, 143, 145, 147 451–60, 471–2 climate, effect on, 154–6 flash, 449–50 deposition, 146–7, 149, 151, 154, 273 historic, 158–9, 450–72 distribution, 144–5, 150, 152 Flowstone, 246, see also speleothems entrainment, 147–8, 274 Foggara, 39, 552–3 in ice cores, 145, 156 Food security, 528–30 in marine cores, 145, 148, 221 Foraminifera