Greek occupied Macedonia (1913-1989) By Stoian Kiselinovski (Translated from Macedonian to English and edited by Risto Stefov) Greek occupied Macedonia (1913-1989) Published by: Risto Stefov Publications [email protected] Toronto, Canada All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written consent from the author, except for the inclusion of brief and documented quotations in a review. Copyright 2018 by Stoian Kiselinovski & Risto Stefov e-book edition ********** January 24, 2018 ********** 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ..........................................................................................6 CHAPTER ONE - NATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION IN GREEK OCCUPIED MACEDONIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY (1900 - 1913).....................8 1. BULGARIAN STATISTICS ON THE NATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION IN GREEK OCCUPIED MACEDONIA ...............................................................................9 2. SERBIAN STATISTICS ON THE NATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION IN GREEK OCCUPIED MACEDONIA ......................................................................................................12 3. GREEK STATISTICS ON THE NATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION IN GREEK OCCUPIED MACEDONIA ......................................................................................................14 CHAPTER TWO - CHANGING THE ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION IN GREEK OCCUPIED MACEDONIA (1913-1928)......................................................................................20 1. THE BALKAN WARS AND THE FIRST POPULATION EXPULSION IN GREEK OCCUPIED MACEDONIA .............22 2. THE NEUILLY CONVENTION AND THE SO-CALLED “VOLUNTARY” EXCHANGE OF POPULATIONS BETWEEN GREECE AND BULGARIA.......................................................24 3. THE LAUSANNE PEACE TREATY AND EXCHANGE OF POPULATIONS BETWEEN GREECE AND TURKEY...........29 4. ETHNIC AND POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES IN GREEK OCCUPIED MACEDONIA AFTER THE GREAT GREEK COLONIZATION........................................................................35 A) ETHNIC CONSEQUENCES .................................................35 B) ETHNIC CHANGES AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE MACEDONIAN LANGUAGE (1913-1940) ..............................37 C) POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES ...........................................39 D) ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES...........................................41 CHAPTER THREE - NATIONAL SUBJUGATION AND RESISTANCE OF THE MACEDONIAN PEOPLE IN GREEK OCCUPIED MACEDONIA (1913-1940) .......................................45 1. NATIONAL SUBJUGATION OF THE MACEDONIAN PEOPLE (1913-1940) ..................................................................45 A) APPEARANCE OF DUALISM IN THE MACEDONIAN LANGUAGE ...............................................................................51 3 2. THE MACEDONIAN PEOPLE’S RESISTANCE FOR THE PROTECTION OF THEIR MACEDONIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY (1913-1940) ..............................................................53 CHAPTER FOUR – THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF GREECE AND THE MACEDONIAN NATIONAL QUESTION (1918-1940) ..........................................................................................................57 1. COMINTERN POLICY AND THE MACEDONIAN NATIONAL QUESTION IN EUROPE ......................................57 2. THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF GREECE AND ITS POLICY OF - “NO STATE, NO NATION” - (1918-1924) .......................59 A) THE SOCIALIST WORKERS’ PARTY OF GREECE AND ITS ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE UNRESOLVED NATIONAL AND TERRITORIAL ISSUES....................................................61 B) THE SOCIALIST WORKERS’ PARTY OF GREECE AND ITS ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE UNRESOLVED NATIONAL AND TERRITORIAL ISSUES IN THE DODECANES ISLANDS AND CYPRUS...........................................................63 C) THE SOCIALIST WORKERS’ PARTY OF GREECE AND ITS ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE SO-CALLED GREEK MINORITY IN SOUTHERN ALBANIA ...................................64 D) THE SOCIALIST WORKERS’ PARTY OF GREECE AND ITS ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE MACEDONIAN NATIONAL QUESTION..................................................................................65 3. THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF GREECE AND ITS POLICY OF “STATE WITHOUT A NATION” (1924-1931)...................67 A) THE CPG’S POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL CRISIS AND THE MACEDONIAN NATIONAL QUESTION .............71 B) THE MACEDONIAN NATIONAL QUESTION AND THE STAGNATION OF THE GREEK WORKING MOVEMENT IN THE PERIOD FROM 1923 TO 1931..........................................78 Government problems..................................................................79 The Agrarian Question.................................................................81 The Macedonian National Question.............................................82 Existence of the Macedonian nation ............................................83 4. THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF GREECE AND ITS POLICY OF “NATION WITHOUT A STATE” (1935-1940)...................88 5. REAL MOTIVES FOR CHANGING THE POLICY FOR A UNITED AND INDEPENDENT MACEDONIA.......................97 А) EXTERNAL FACTORS ........................................................97 B) INTERNAL FACTORS..........................................................99 4 Attracting the Greek people en masse........................................100 “Disarming” the Greek bourgeoisie...........................................104 Getting around the internal political crises and controversy over the Macedonian National Question............................................107 The CPG’s real attitude towards the Macedonian National Question .....................................................................................114 Presence of the “Megali Idea” (Greater Greece)........................116 Existence of the Macedonian nation ..........................................118 6. THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN GREECE AND THE MACEDONIAN NATIONAL QUESTION DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR..........................................................121 CHAPTER FIVE – THE MACEDONIAN PEOPLE IN THE NATIONAL LIBERATION WAR (1940-1949)...........................126 1. MACEDONIANS IN THE NATIONAL LIBERATION WAR (1941-1945)................................................................................127 2. MACEDONIANS IN THE GREEK CIVIL WAR (1946-1949) ....................................................................................................134 CHAPTER SIX - MACEDONIANS AFTER THE GREEK CIVIL WAR (1949-1989) .........................................................................142 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LITERATURE.......................................150 5 PREFACE Historical determinism (the doctrine that everything, especially one’s choice of action, is determined by a sequence of causes independent of one’s will) affects negatively or positively the historical destiny of nations. European historical determinism in the Balkans has seriously influenced the Macedonian people’s historical destiny. In the history of the Macedonian people the “historic” period ended with the signing of the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest and the “prehistoric” period began. The negative Greek historical determinism severely harmed the Macedonian people’s historical destiny in Greek occupied Macedonia. With Greece’s appearance on the historical terrain of Greek occupied Macedonia, the Greek political historical determinism, with its exclusive Greek nationalism, put in question the Macedonian people’s biological existence. The Greek political factor began its genocidal policy against the Macedonian people in Greek occupied Macedonia with a Greek desire to create “one state with one nation”. The subject of this paper is in fact about the outcome of that desire which resulted in expulsions, oppression and assimilation of the Macedonian population, colonization of Macedonian lands with non- Macedonians (Greek and non-Greek), resistance against the affirmation of Macedonian national and cultural values, political mistreatment of the “Macedonian National Question” especially by the Communist Party of Greece (CPG), and other forms of mistreatment the Greek state applied against the Macedonian people living inside Greece. We should emphasize at this point that we ran into objective difficulties while researching our material for the book “Greek occupied Macedonia (1913-1989)”. The archives of the neighbouring countries which undoubtedly hold precious historical information (especially the Greek ones), and which would have allowed us access to comprehensive, purposeful and objective information on this issue, were inaccessible to us. 6 In the absence of archival information from the neighbouring countries, more attention was paid to published archival sources, especially the Macedonian archives, and other relevant historical literature. We strived, within the existing possibilities, to objectify the historical past of the Macedonian people from Greek occupied Macedonia, a people who, like no one else, suffered as much in peace as they did in wars... The author 7 CHAPTER ONE - NATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION IN GREEK OCCUPIED MACEDONIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY (1900 - 1913) The population that lived in Greek occupied Macedonia was of varying ethnicities, church affiliations, and varied in numbers. There is extensive and diverse literature on its numbers and ethnicities. With a desire to justify their territorial claims on Macedonia, these