Sengamala Thayaar Educational Trust Women’s College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University) (Accredited with ‘A’ Grade {3.45/4.00} by NAAC) (An ISO 9001: 2015 Certified Institution) Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi – 614 016 Thiruvarur (Dt.), Tamil Nadu, India CORE COURSE VIII – IMMUNOLOGY CODE: P16MB32 Dr.R.MANGALANAYAKI ASSISTANT PROFESSOR PG & RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY II M.Sc., MICROBIOLOGY Semester - III CORE COURSE VIII– IMMUNOLOGY Instruction Hours/Week: 6 Credit : 5 OBJECTIVES The aim of the course is to teach the types of immunity, immune system, antigen, antigen - antibody reaction, T and B cell activation, lymphokines and cytokines, hyper sensitivity reaction, immune deficiency disorders, immunohematology and transplantation of immunity Unit I Immune system History of Immunology, Types of immunity- innate and acquired. Humoral and cell mediated immunity. Central and peripheral lymphoid organs- Thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and other peripheral lymphoid tissues GALT. Haematopoiesis, Cells of the immune system- lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes- dendritic cells, granulocytes. NK cells and mast cells, cytokines. Unit II T and B cell, Antigen –antibody reactions T and B-cell receptors, Antigen recognition- processing and presentation to Tcells. Interaction of T and B cells. Antigen and antibody – properties, types and functions. Antigen –antibody reactions - Precipitation, agglutination, complement fixation, RIA, ELISA, Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Unit III T and B cell activation B cell receptor complex, B cell maturation, antibody diversity, understanding self – non self discrimination, TH cell subpopulation, organization of T cell receptor, cell mediated effectors responses. Complement system: Basics of complement protein - different pathways of complement activation - classical and alternative. Unit IV MHC, Cytokines and Lymphokines Structure of MHC molecules- Human Leucocyte Antigen- Functions of MHC. Cytokine and lymphokines structure and their receptors. Hypersensitivity reaction and their types. Auto immune disorders, transplantation and cancer immunology. Unit V Immunotechnology and its applications Production of polyclonal, monoclonal antibodies and phage display - techniques and applications. Immunization practices- active and passive immunization. Vaccines- killed and attenuated, recombinant vaccines, DNA and peptide vaccines. Applications of immunotechniques – Flow cytometry, Immunoelectron microscopy, Immunohistochemistry and Bioplex array. REFERENCES 1. Charlene Sand. A reference guide to immune disorder including hypersensitivity and auto immune disease, Webster’s digital service, ebook. 2013. 2. Charles A Janeway, Paul Travers Jr. Mark Walport and Donald Capra J. Immunobiology – The immune system in health and disease. 4th edition, Current Biology Publications, London.1999. 3. Goldsby RA, Kindt TK, Osborne BA and Kuby J. Immunology, 5th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. 2007. 4. Ivan Roitt, Jonathan Brostoff and David Male. Immunology, 8th edition, Elsevier science Ltd., New York. 2012. 5. Kuby J. Immunology, 7th edition, W.H. Freeman and company, New York. 2008. 6. Leslie Brent. A history of transplantation immunology, Academic press, London. 1996. 7. Nicole M. Valanzuela and Elaine F Reed. Antibodies in transplantation: the effects of HLA and non-HLA antibody binding and mechanism of injury. In: Transplantation immunology: Methods and protocols. (Eds: Andrea A. Zachary, Mary S. Leffell), Humana Press, New York. 2013. 8. Patricks S and Larkin MJ. Immunological and molecular aspects of bacterial virulence. John wiley and sons, England. 1995. 9. Playfair JHL. Immunology at a glance, 6th edition, Blackwell Science, London. 1996. 10. Samuel Baron .Medical Microbiology, 4th edition, University of Texas medical branch at Galveston, Texas.1996. 11. Richard Hunt, Becker, Holger, Hlawatsch, Nadine, Julich, Sandra and Miethe Peter. Microbiology and Immunology Online. University of South Carolina. 2004. 12. Tak W Mak and Mary Saunders. The immune response basic and clinical practices. Elsevier Academic press, New York. 2012. 13. Tak W Mak and Mary Saunders. Primer to the Immune Response. 2nd edition from Tak Mak, Mary Saunders, Bradley Jett. New York. 2014. 14. Thomas J Kindt, Barbara A Osborne, and Richard A Golds. Immunology online, University of South Carolina. 2006. 15. William E Paul. Fundamental Immunology. 7th revised edition, Raven press, New York. 2012. 16. Sudha Gangal and Shubhangi Sontakke. Textbook of Basic and clinical Immunology, Universities Press, (India) Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India. 2013. PG AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY Class: II M.Sc., Microbiology Course : Core Course VIII Subject : Immunology Subject Code: P16MB32 Subject Incharge : Dr.R.Mangalanayaki Unit I: Immune System History of Immunology- Types of Immunity - Innate and Acquired. Humoral and Cell mediated immunity. Central and peripheral lymphoid organs - Thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and other peripheral lymphoid tissues, GALT. Haematopoiesis, cell of the immune system, Lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes - dendritic cells, granulocytes, NK cells and mast cells, cytokines. Introduction about Immunology Immunology is the study of the immune system and is a very important branch of the medical and biological sciences. The immune system protects us from infection through various lines of defence. It is resistance of living organisms to infection of microorganisms. It deals with the study of processes by which the body defends itself from the ivasion and attack of foreign organisms. History of Immunology Through this branch is quite young, history shows its origin even about 2,500 years back. 1. Thucididas (430 B.C) Thucididas in Athens pointed out that the people who wee once attacked by the plague could not get the fear of the second attack of the disease. This understaing later laid the foundation for the phenomenon of immunity. 2.Edward Jenner (1749-1823) Edward Jenner, an englishphysician who had suffered the pain of variolation at his younger age, developed a scientific and far safer method to smallpox immunisation. His work is based on his observation on milk maids mainly, those who often contracted compox were remarkable resistant to smallpox. In 1786, Jenner inoculated a boy with materal got from the lesions of a milk maid, who was attacked by cowpos. After some weeks, the boy was agin inoculated with infectious pus taken from a patient suffering from small pox, but the boy did not det the disease. This made him conclude that this porcess of inoculation leads to immunity against small pox. Later it was Louid Psteur who coined the term vaccine for such process of prophylaxis in honour of Edward Jenner who prepared the firse vaccine from Cowpox. The process of vaccination was introduced by Jenner and according to the WHO Jennerian vaccination has eliminated small pox totally from the human population. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) 1. Louis Pasteur is a fater of French chemist 2. He is the father of Immunology 3. He worked on the common diseases such as pebrine anthrax, chicken cholera and rabies 4.The most interesting of Psteur's work was the produciton of vaccine for rabies. He injected the spinal cord extracts from rabid dogs in the normal healthy rabbits. From rabbits hese extracts were prepared from the infected spinal cords and dried for several days at room temperature. From these extracts, which contained the attenuated viurses, the rabies vaccine was prepared Metchnikoff (1845-1916) Metchnikoff is the Russian Zoologist 1. He discovered the improtance of cell in immunity and phagocytosis 2. While observing the transparent starfish larvae. He could see some motile cells which he thought might be protective in a digestive way and he called these cells the phagocytes. 3. He also suggested that inflammaton might be a protective rather than a destructive process 4. In 1908 Metchnikoff shared a Nobel prize with Ehrlich for his contributions to immunity. His work on phagocytic cells forms the basis of cellular immunity George Nuttal (1888) George Nattal an American bacteriologist found out in 1888, that defibrinated blood was bactericidal in itself. Showing the presence of a serum substance in blood which killed bacteria. Pfeiffer (1894) Pfeiffer in 1894 reported that when cholera bacilli were injected into the peritoneal cavity of immune guinea pigs. The bacilli were destroyed by the peritoneal fluids and immune serum, showing the action of antibodies. Emil Von Behring (1854-1917) The greatest support for humoral theory came from the studies of Behring a german bacteriologist. In 1890, he showed that it was possible to provide an animal with passive immunity against tetnus or lackjaw by injecting into it the blood serum of another animal infected with tetanus. Almroth Wright (1891-1947) He was a British bacteriologist In 1903, he discovered that neither the cellular theory. He also introduced Antityphoid inoculation and has also done much work on the preparation of vaccines. Emile Roux (1853-1933) He was a French bacteriologist. He developed the Diphtheria immunisation and antiserum theraphy Charles Richet (1850-1935) He was a French Physiologist and he awared a Nobel prize in 1913 for his work on anaphylaxis. He work on hypersensitivity reaction also. Joules Bordet (1870-1961) He showed that the human blood normally contains a group of heat labile substances which are strongly bactericidial when antibody is present He also studied the formation of anaphylactic poisons